Back Issues

If you would like a printed copy of any of our back issues, then they can be purchased on Farm Marketplace. You can also download the PDFs or read online from links below.

  • How To Start Drilling For £8K

    Clive Bailye’s seed drill of choice is his 6m John Deere 750A , which has been used exclusively for 3-4 seasons. Last year, with an increased acreage, the founder and publisher of this Direct Driller magazine thought a second seed drill was necessary. Having just the one machine was a risk and in a difficult season would mean drilling was delayed. He looked around and found a good condition Horsch CO6 tine drill advertised in Germany.

    Words and pictures by Mike Donovan

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    After delivery he rebuilt the coulters to a narrow profile so as to reduce soil disturbance. He says the tine drill is very useful driling after straw crops such as osr and also through the straw on second crop cereals.

    Buying the drill from a German farmer was not particularly complicated, and provided him with a higher spec machine than Horsh sell in the UK. The seed dart tyres are much wider, and the machine is fitted with blockage monitors as well as full width front packers and also a liquid fert application system.

    A sheaf of photos were taken, and Clive then asked for some of specific parts to show wear. The deal was done at under £5,000 which Clive says is the market value of these machines which are too large for small farmers to buy. Original owners like to buy new and sell when the machine is still in good condition.

    Narrow tines with wear tiles

    @Clive knew he wanted to make changes, substituting the Horsch tines and coulters for something far narrower, and has ended up getting his own design of tine made, which has a wear tile made from Ferobide, far harder than tungsten. The drill is on the farm primarily for osr and 2nd crop cereals drilled into chopped straw and the 25cm spacing is okay for these crops.

    Comments on Clive’s on-line forum, TFF, said the drill many not be so good with beans, as the slot is a mere 12mm wide. And in barley the spacing may well be too wide as it needs to be thick. Clive points out that the seed pipe can actually be a bit wider than 12mm as it is in the shadow of the point. It would be good to have the option of using it for beans.

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    Above left: The cheap CO6 is being calibrated ready for its first outing

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    Above right: The adapted Horsch is being filled by the home built drill logistics trailer with seed and liquid starter fert.

    Getting around the German instructions

    The Horsch came, of course, with a control box and instructions in German. More on-line discussion revealed that English instructions were available on the Horsch website, and another explained that Horsch was sourcing some of these parts from Agton in Canada anyway. Zealman from New Zealand explained that the button marked with callipers should be held down for around 5 seconds. The menu is where you adjust the tramline sequence, valve layout and row numbers.

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    Ball hitch is a continental standard and provides a positive connection between tractor and drill

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    The Stocks Wizard has a rotor modified for Avadex which otherwise leaks everywhere

    A Stocks Wizard is on the back of the drill and used for Avadex. Here again the knowledge of actual farmers is helpful. Alistair Nelson warned that the rotor and the surrounding shroud need to be changed, and he got good advice “from Rick at Stocks”. Clive has the same setup on the 750A and says that the Avadex leaks everywhere unless the modification is made. The drill was acquired and modified in 2016 and the results have been excellent.

    The machine went through the residue without many problems and having the second drill has meant more timely planting. Clive has shown that moving into No-Till is not the expensive exercise so many farmers think it might be. The total cost, after modifications which included replacing all tines and coulters, was under £8,000.

    Author Mike Donovan writes: we have featured a number of home made direct drills in @Practical Farm Ideas, and are always interested in seeing more. Please contact mike editor@farmideas.co.uk or 07778877514.

  • Horsch: The fine art of direct seeding

    With regard to plant production drought and heat are limiting factors. As a result of the climate change extreme weather situations occur more and more frequently. To avoid negative consequences on the yields, methods like direct seeding are used.

    Michael Horsch

    Michael Horsch’s opinion with regard to direct seeding is clear: “Those who practice direct seeding as a religion forego profit and in the worst case can ruin their farms. We at HORSCH have been dealing with direct seeding for 40 years. With all ups and downs.” With regard to direct seeding there are quite a few things to consider. “In the first step direct seeding is not a question of technology. What is crucial is a good soil structure, a balanced rotation, a good soil covering and the sowing time.”


    In Europe, direct seeding was mainly used as an argument for building up humus in the recent past. A mix of abandonment of tillage and catch crop cultivation can increase the share of organic substance in the soil. If you take a closer look at direct seeding all over the world, you will find the most different motivations for direct seeding: in the dry regions the focus is clearly on saving water. In the hot, partly subtropical regions the soil has to be covered so that the soil temperature does not rise into a range that is detrimental to the plant. The high-precipitation areas particularly need direct seeding and a soil cover to prevent erosion. And let’s not forget the markets with very low yields: Saving costs by sowing directly is another argument.

    Direct seeding as a water-saving sowing method

    Because of climate changes and the more extreme heat waves (35-40 %) of the past years which some farmers still worry about, farmers more and more think about the topic direct seeding and water-saving cultivation. The problem particularly affects for example parts of Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. Why could direct seeding be a solution (at least partly)?


    “Let’s take the above mentioned countries as an example. Maize, winter wheat, winter rape and sunflowers are the main crops. After rape/sunflower, when it still is very dry in September and October, sowing wheat with the Avatar after an ultra-shallow pass with the Cultro would be appropriate. After maize, too, you normally can quite well sow wheat with a single disc seed drill. Unless there is too much straw on the field. In this case you first have to incorporate the straw a little bit, for example with a disc harrow. If you want to sow maize in spring – this is done for example in Brazil, you have to decide from case to case. For if the soil temperature remains too low, it is a risk!”

    The knife roller Cultro can actively stop a catch crop from growing.

    A covered soil

    Dark cultivated fields do not reflect solar radiation as well as uncultivated or covered fields. They absorb the sunrays and warm up faster. This, of course, depends on the type of soil. Thus, for example dark brown, almost black soils warm up considerably faster than light or even slightly red soils. “We assume that a soil cover consisting of plant residues improves soil protection. For it reduces evaporation, increases the water-holding capacity and reduces erosion.”


    This is also advantageous for germination and root development, i.e. a crop can develop better if the soils do not tend to be overheated. “Especially in spring, there can be a fine line. For there are regions where in this case the soil does not reach the minimum temperature. What is good on the one hand can also be a disadvantage on the other hand if the soil does not warm up sufficiently.” If it is too hot in the soil, a safe germination and root development of the plant is no longer possible. Once the minimum temperature has been reached, the plant stops growing. If the temperature even is exceeded too such an extent that protein degenerates, plant development is completely finished. In some regions that have to struggle with extreme heat, this is a big challenge.


    Another advantage of a soil cover is that it keeps the humidity that is transported to the surface in the upper layer of the soil. Thus, a kind of micro-climate is created where residual humidity accumulates in the topsoil and guarantees a good emergence. “You only have to go barefoot through a wheat population without any residues on the surface in June or July. Even if the population is dense, you burn your feet on the black clay soil – although the soil is covered with growing plants. This shows that there is a connection and that a population keeps up longer if there are residues on the surface.

    According to Michael Horsch, we will have to give very much attention to the topic stubbles and stubble lengths to find an optimum way.

    Another problem I noticed: if the straw stubbles are too long resp. if the straw remains on the field too long, among others mice feel very comfortable. I saw this only recently in Romania. The rape population did not look too bad but in the field, there was one mousehole beside the other! The same is true for slugs. If there is too long straw and too high humidity for a long period of time, the slugs devour the rape, wheat etc.”

    Catch crop cultivation and direct seeding

    Cultivating a catch crop before sowing directly is always better. But a prerequisite is that the catch crops fit in and that a sufficient water supply is guaranteed.


    Catch crops can help to increase the humus content. Moreover, another rotation member always can separate the previous crop from the next crop phytosanitary. “In conventional farming this separation is done by tillage.”


    If the total precipitations are low, farmers, of course, discuss the question if catch crops do not additionally require water. “It is obvious that this simply is not possible in some regions. For if it does not rain during the cultivation break in summer, the catch crops don’t grow either and, thus, it does not make sense to cultivate them.”


    How can you actively stop the growth of a catch crop? This can either be done by frost, knife rollers or the use of glyphosate. “In this case, you have to check which method makes sense in which region. For in Europe, the use of glyphosate will soon no longer be an option. You then need other measures to stop the growth.”


    Another question that always is asked when talking about direct seeding is if direct seeding and tillage are inconsistent. Not at all – quite the contrary. “I my opinion, a combination of both might even be the key for the future. The reasons are various. On the one hand, we see that direct seeding only involves high yields if the soil structure is very good. As I already mentioned, a good soil structure can be achieved resp. encouraged by growing catch crops. But there also are situations where there is no time to improve the soil with catch crops. In this case, it, of course, makes sense to loosen the soil so that the roots can grow deeply and reach water in the subsoil.


    We notice that even in countries like for example Brazil where direct seeding has already been established for years the soil is loosened deeper at 30 – 40 cm as the soil, despite the catch crop, is compacted.“


    But what direction will the topic direct seeding in Europe take? Does direct seeding have a future here? “We have to act on the assumption that weather extremes will increase and that we will get more hot, dry years. I don’t think that we will see a pure direct seeding, i.e. without any tillage, in our clime. In my opinion, farms will have to prepare in such a way that they prepare their soils to be able to sow directly in dry years if required. This means: always perfect straw distribution, cereals stubbles as short as possible, avoid resp. considerably reduce compaction/tracks during the harvest (e.g. by CTF harvest).”

    Due to its individually controlled disc coulter SingleDisc, the Avatar 12.25 SD can be adapted to different sowing conditions and thus is also ideal for direct seeding.

    This was about the general use of direct seeding. In the next terraHORSCH we will explain in detail which sowing method (discs, tines) fits where, how it is to be used, which preparatory work, if required, is suitable.
    Moreover, we will provide tips with regard to the C:N ratio of residues, stubble lengths and how to handle them.

    The angles of the closing wheel can be adjusted depending on the soil conditions. For direct seeding or on very heavy soils they can for example be set aggressively.

  • AHDB Cereals Market Outlook

    The latest Cereals Agri-Outlook takes stock of the current situation and looks forward to what we might expect in the coming months, for supply availability, trade and demand. The volumes below are estimates at the time of writing.

    Production

    Wheat supply on the global market remains constrained, from the lasting impact of extreme weather trimming production in major exporters last season, exacerbated by the war in Ukraine. However, ample competitive Russian supplies continue to pick up global demand.

    Despite global wheat prices coming back down from the highs seen back in May 2022, post the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, prices remain historically elevated. A tight global maize supply and demand too is providing a strong floor for overall grain prices, with concerns surrounding a drought impacted Argentinian crop despite a large Brazilian crop due. Demand now remains a key watchpoint for the direction of global grain prices, considering economic performance and recessionary behaviour concerns across major economies. Price direction will be increasingly influenced by new-crop weather as we head through the second half of the season.

    Global price strength this season continues to support domestic grain prices. Dry conditions across the UK saw a timely harvest in 2022, and with a larger year on year opening stocks, there is increased domestic wheat availability this season. Defra’s final estimate for UK wheat production for harvest 2022 is 15.540Mt, up 11% on the year. For other grains, total UK barley production was estimated at 7.385Mt (up 6% on the year) and UK oat production was estimated at 1.007Mt (down 10% on the year). Yields were strong, despite dry conditions in many eastern regions of England especially.

    Looking ahead, the Early Bird Survey for plantings and planting intentions for harvest 2023 shows a strong continuation of winter cropping given the favourable autumn drilling conditions. On a national level, the wheat area is forecast up 1% from 2022 and winter barley up 4%. However, the spring barley and oat area is anticipated to shrink, forecasted down 6% and 4% respectively. Using these intended areas, production scenario projections for harvest 2023 can be made.

    As at 29 November, our domestic winter wheat crop was rated 87% in good-excellent condition, up three percentage points (pp) from the same point a year earlier. The wheat crop has established well so far and overall prospects look good. Across the board, domestic crops are faring well. Though the winter/early spring drought conditions held back growth, the rain in late Feb/March has done much to balance the forecast from the National Drought Group, and water supplies to crops is now much improved.

    Due to continued high fertiliser prices, many growers will be reducing P & K application for harvest 2023. This is crucial to watch, especially considering the strong winter cropping forecast, plus what this may mean for higher specification grains. With domestic production of ammonia paused, imported ammonia continues to be used to produce ammonium nitrate domestically.

    Trade

    The UK is currently forecast to marginally remain a net importer of wheat this season (July 2022 to June 2023), but should we see the export pace increase, this could change. Total wheat imports are forecast at 1.225Mt for 2022/23, down 39% from 2021/22. Domestic milling wheat quality is good, despite lower protein content, and millers are expected to use slightly more domestic wheat this season. However, a proportion of imported  high protein milling wheat will still be required to ensure continuity in the grist. Furthermore, while it is expected to be lower this season, a proportion of feed wheat will still be imported into Northern Ireland.

    With a larger carry in from last season, coupled with a large 2022 crop, outweighing a rise in usage, the balance of domestic wheat supply and demand is up 39% on the year this season. Exports are currently forecast at 1.150Mt, up 639Kt from 2021/22. Season to date (July to November 2022) the UK has exported 432Kt of wheat, up 168% from last season. To reach this season’s forecast, a minimum of 100Kt per month will need to be shipped from December to June. If we see increased farmer selling, which has been reportedly slow, we could see this export forecast rise to match or exceed wheat imports this season. Price competitiveness too on the global market will be crucial for a stronger export pace.

    Looking to barley, full season exports are currently forecast at 1.000Mt, up 31% from 2021/22. A larger crop year-on-year has boosted domestic barley availability. From July to November 2022, UK barley exports totalled 474Kt, up 24% from 2021/22. However, the export pace is expected to slow slightly as we head towards the end of the season, as the supply dries up.

    Oat exports are forecast this season at 115Kt, down 7% on the year but remaining historically strong. In the season to date (July to November 2022) oat exports have started strong, totalling 74Kt, nearly five times the volume exported at the same point last season. However, exports are expected to slow as we progress through the season, with a slightly reduced domestic availability.

    Demand

    Animal feed

    Overall animal feed demand is expected to fall this season, and as such, so is cereal usage. Total cereal usage for animal feed is currently forecast to be the lowest since 2016/17, mostly due to challenges across the monogastric sectors. Cereal inclusions in animal feed rations are also forecast to fall year-on-year, due to the relative price of protein meal. Pig feed production is expected to continue to fall back on the year, as the backlog of pigs on farm, caused by labour shortages at abattoirs, is thought to be all but cleared. The poultry sector especially faces challenges from avian flu and tightening margins. Cattle and sheep feed production is expected to remain slow this season. However, with the hot/dry conditions over the summer, some regions have poorer forage quality/availability which has boosted some feed requirements. The cost-of-living crisis remains a key watchpoint across all livestock sectors.

    As a proportion of cereal inclusions, wheat remains a key feature, with large availability on the domestic market and a lessening price in recent months. The discount of spot UK average ex-farm feed barley to feed wheat sat just below £20.00/t as at 02 February. However, in the previous week the discount had reached below £7.00/t (as at 26 January 2023). Despite strong maize imports at the start of this season, looking forward, the large domestic wheat supply and relative price of maize is likely to cap maize inclusions in rations.

    Milling

    The quality of this season’s domestic milling wheat crop has been described as functional for millers. The results of the 2022 AHDB Cereal Quality Survey reflect strong specific weights and Hagberg Falling Numbers, but below average protein content. Despite lower average protein content, flour millers are expected to use slightly more home-grown wheat this season, considering the relative price to import. However, to ensure continuity in the grist, the UK will still need to import a proportion of high protein milling wheat.

    This season, flour production is expected to remain relatively stable, though wheat usage by millers is forecast to decline slightly due to higher extraction rates from larger specific weights. The impact of the cost-of-living crisis on flour demand as well as some premium and alternative products, remains something to watch.

    Human and industrial usage for oats is forecast up 2% this season from last, though the demand outlook has slowed since forecasts earlier in the season. Additional oat milling capacity is expected to come online next season. While it is not expected to impact 2022/23 demand, it is a key watchpoint going forward into next season.

    Biofuels

    Usage of home-grown wheat in bioethanol production remains a key watchpoint this season. Following the introduction of E10 by the UK government in September 2021, Vivergo reopened, meaning both UK bioethanol plants are operational. It is assumed both plants will remain in operation for the whole of 2022/23. However, they are not expected to be running at full capacity, in part due to longer maintenance periods.

    Considering the relative price of maize currently, wheat is pricing more favourably for bioethanol usage. However, maize is not expected to drop out of inclusions altogether.

    With high input costs for bioethanol production and significantly lower bioethanol prices, the outlook for bioethanol cereal usage has diminished significantly from forecasts earlier in the season and remains a key domestic demand watchpoint.

    Brewers, Maltsters and Distillers (BMD)

    Cereal usage from the BMD sector is forecast strong this season, across the board. Human and industrial usage for barley is forecast as the highest this century, considering strong demand seen so far this season and increased capacity in Scotland. Wheat usage too is expected to be strong for distilling and starch production, with increased capacity.

    The cost-of-living crisis remains a key watchpoint for the industry, considering 4.5% of licensed premises open at the end of 2021 were closed by the end of 2022 and the impact on higher costs on smaller, independent BMD operations.

    What could the outlook mean for GB prices?

    With the UK having a heavier balance of cereals this season and a subsequent larger exportable surplus, UK prices are tracking European and global market movements closely and will likely continue to do so. Large supplies of Russian wheat are currently weighing down on markets. However, escalations to the war in Ukraine over recent weeks and strong EU wheat export demand has led to some support.

    Over the next couple of months, the war in Ukraine will continue to add volatility to markets, especially as we near the expiry of the already extended export corridor deal on 21 March. Looking further ahead and US crop conditions will come to the forefront, as any crop damage caused by the extreme cold/dry conditions is assessed.

    While the developments in Ukraine, strong EU exports and potential US crop damage could all add support to markets over coming months, it is unlikely prices will rise back up to levels we saw last May (unless another major global incident occurs), as a surplus of Russian supply will continue to limit gains somewhat.  

    Cereals consumption trends

    The gap between spend and volume sales has widened as inflation continues to impact the market and consumers change their shopping habits.

    In-home consumption occasions are down 2.3 percentage points year on year but remain above pre-pandemic levels (Kantar Usage). As inflation has hit the market it has started to counter the trend of people returning to eating out of home post-, and we see more consumers favour in-home consumption. With this, there are greater opportunities for retail sales.

    We are simplifying our meals more which is likely a result of a need for cheaper meal options. The simplification trend is evident at lunch, where more consumers are having lunch featuring sandwiches, up two percentage points vs 2021 (Kantar Usage, 8 w/e 02 October 2022). This provides good opportunity for bread, which currently sees volumes down 3.4% year-on-year because of people buying less often and less volume per trip (Kantar, 52 w/e December 2022).

    Biscuits has seen a volume decline of 4.7% year on year, a result of shoppers buying less volume per trip (Kantar, 52 w/e 25 December 2022). Snacking occasions are down versus 2021 and we also see a reduction in the proportion of treat-orientated snacks (Kantar Usage). Given that 75% of people think that sweet biscuits are an affordable treat, communicating value for money will work in its favour.

    Breakfast cereal volumes are down 3.3% year on year with the decline driven by shoppers buying into the category less often (Kantar, 52 w/e 25 December 2022). We have seen a move away from hot breakfasts recently which could benefit breakfast cereals alongside the need for simplification and convenience (Kantar Usage).

    Flour has seen the steepest declines year on year, with volumes down 10.7%, with the decline driven by shoppers buying into the category less often (Kantar, 52 w/e 25 December 2022). As consumers stay at home more to manage spend, this could help boost baking occasions as an affordable leisure activity.

    Despite minimal price increases spend and volumes are down year on year for beer and lager and spirits. Volumes are down 12.5% for beer and lager, driven by consumers buying into the category less often. Spirit volumes are down 10.5%, primarily caused by a loss in shoppers (Kantar, 52 w/e 25 December 2022). Alcohol remains an ingrained social ingredient, with 59% of consumers stating they usually drink alcohol when with friends. In response to the cost of living crisis we could see some movement towards social occasions in-home.

    IGD predicts that food inflation will peak in early 2023 then slow over the subsequent 12 months. For now, we are still at the height of the economic crisis and the outlook is still one of managing spend to ride out the storm. The movement towards simplicity and convenience could benefit bread, breakfast cereals and biscuits, whilst a move towards in-home social occasions could benefit alcohol.

  • Rust in peace: pathogens versus cereal varieties

    With extreme diversity locked into yellow rust and brown rust populations, the latest UKCPVS event (1 March 2023) examined how highly adaptable pathogens affect UK wheat and barley varieties.

    With a focus on wheat, Jason Pole, who leads AHDB’s crop disease communications, provides an overview of some of the key developments.

    Rust diversity

    Cereal rusts often grab the headlines at the annual UK Cereal Pathogen Virulence Survey (UKCVPS) stakeholder event, especially wheat yellow rust.

    The yellow rust population is diverse and dynamic, which makes disease resistance ratings less stable. So, the high level of interest in these foliar pathogens is unsurprising.

    However, from a rust perspective, the current decade has got off to a relatively calm start. It sits in stark contrast to the 2010s, which saw the Warrior yellow rust race start a population take-over.

    The UKCPVS 2022 event article (next article) explains why this race was so successful in tumbling the ratings of many high-profile varieties.

    At the time, the rapid change shook the Recommended Lists (RL) disease-rating system and put everyone on tenterhooks. Could the 1–9 rating system be trusted?

    Based on trial data, the ratings reveal what has happened (in recent seasons), not what will happen – they are not predictive. However, the data does contain clues about what the future might hold.

    Yellow rust watch list

    To provide predictive power, AHDB looked at RL data in a new way. It culminated in the release of the yellow rust watch list in 2021.

    Updated annually, the watch list indicates varieties that performed out of line with their main RL disease rating in some trials.

    Varieties that appear to be ‘misbehaving’ can be monitored more closely and treated with rust-active fungicides, where disease pressure merits it.

    A recent analysis of the performance of the watch list over its first two seasons of operation (2021–22) suggests that the system is working. It is helping to highlight varieties at the greatest risk of falls in resistance ratings.

    The latest yellow rust watch list (released in March 2023) provides little evidence that a dramatic change in fortune is on the cards.

    Currently, most RL varieties are performing as predicted from their RL rating. In general, varieties have also performed as expected in the UKCPVS yellow rust field trials.

    So, the recent calm appears to be continuing, which is good news for management and plant breeders. Genetics has caught up in the race – the RL now boasts 18 winter wheat varieties with a yellow rust disease rating of 9.

    Unfortunately, it doesn’t mean we can relax. Yes, the watch list can spot unusual events happening at the local level, but it will never be a fool-proof crystal ball. For example, it will not predict the arrival of a new aggressive yellow rust strain blown in from overseas.

    Brown rust ‘blip’?

    This year, AHDB added a brown rust watch list to its growing list of resources.

    On the current winter wheat list (RL 2023/24), very few varieties are highly resistant to brown rust – just one variety has a resistance rating of 9, and only two have a rating of 8.

    The good news is that, in general, the brown rust watch list suggests there is little change to be concerned about. Like yellow rust, most varieties are performing in line with their RL rating. Once again, this holds true in the UKCPVS trials.

    However, one of the 8-rated varieties stood out at an RL trial site in Devon: Theodore, with a relatively high level of brown rust (18.8%). At this site, only Crusoe, brown rust rating of 3, had more disease (25.0%).

    This is where the watch list comes into its own. It suggests that a change in the pathogen population has occurred. With implications for commercial varieties, it is a situation that merits closer attention.

    Interestingly, UKCPVS received a brown rust sample from Theodore just down the coast (Dorset).

    The sampler noted infection levels of 3%, in addition to relatively high disease levels (up to 10%) in some patches (foci). This is much higher than would be expected for a variety with a disease rating of 8.

    UKCPVS growth room screening tests, conducted in 2022, suggest that the Dorset isolate may be able to unlock a specific resistance (leaf rust, Lr) gene – Lr24.

    Brown rust pathogens able to unpick the Lr24 lock had not been detected by UKCPVS for a little while (since 2017). As a result, this isolate of interest will be included in adult plant trials to help determine its significance to varieties.

    It is important to note that the abundance and distribution of isolates in the UK population ebb and flow, increasing and decreasing over seasons. Disease ratings can go up as well as down. This isolate could fizzle out in the population once more. Time will tell.

    In general, Theodore has a reputation for being a strong performer against cereal rusts. In addition to its main ‘adult plant’ yellow rust rating of 9, it also resists yellow rust and brown rust at the young plant stage. The latter is a particular achievement – being the only variety on the current (RL 2023/24) list to possess this trait. It also appears to resist wheat stem rust.

    Wheat stem rust

    Over the past 25 years, UK conditions have become more conducive to stem rust infection. Ten years ago (2013), stem rust was recorded in UK crops for the first time in over 60 years. Since then, the disease has been observed for several years at several sites.

    Although not routinely screened, the UKCPVS team did test two stem rust isolates, sampled from UK fields in 2022, on the full set of recommended and candidate varieties.

    Symptom development photos provide a clear picture of Theodore’s ability to check for infection (Figure 1).

    RGT Wolverine was also able to limit pustule development.

    Unfortunately, it appears that many UK wheat varieties are highly susceptible to the disease. However, good control levels can be achieved with rust-active azole fungicides, especially tebuconazole.

    NIAB

    Figure 1. Limited symptom development in two winter wheat varieties following inoculation with stem rust (isolate 1 or 2). Typical symptoms shown for comparison

    Breeding wheat to beat yellow rust

    Over the last decade, major changes to the UK’s yellow rust pathogen population have added complexity to the plant-breeding puzzle. Jason Pole, who leads on AHDB’s crop disease communications, outlines key points from a recent presentation on the topic.

    Our UK Cereal Pathogen Virulence Survey (UKCPVS) project is essential to plant breeders, according to Rachel Goddard of plant breeding company Limagrain.

    Rachel presented at a the recent UKCPVS eventand said that information, hard work, investment and time are required to ensure that winter wheat variety developments match the pace set by adaptable yellow rust populations.

    The UKCPVS monitors cereal rusts and mildews. Through disease observations (phenotypic work) and analysis of pathogen genetics (pathogenomics), UKCPVS results help the plant-breeding pipeline deliver strong disease resistance to Recommended Lists (RL) varieties.

    Yellow rust evolution

    Rachel’s presentation centred on the challenges of breeding for yellow rust resistance.

    Over the last 50 years, major breakdowns in yellow rust resistance have occurred relatively frequently (Figure 1) – in cycles of around 5 to 10 years.

    When new pathogen variants arrive, they can spread rapidly (in just a few seasons).


    AHDB

    Figure 1. A timeline showing key years for wheat yellow rust population change in the UK


    In 2011, the presence of the Warrior yellow rust race in the UK was confirmed. Compared to previous changes, Warrior was highly unusual for several reasons, including:

    • It was derived from a sexual recombination (outside of Europe)
    • It was first identified in many countries in the same year
    • It caused yellow rust on many wheat varieties
    • It was complex and varied
    • Compared to the previous population, it was highly adaptable. It:
      • Tolerated a greater range of temperatures
      • Had a shorter time from infection to sporulation
      • Produced a greater number of spores
      • Developed black telia relatively late in the season
      • Broke many resistance genes and gene combinations

    In fact, Rachel said that post-Warrior “yellow rust was like a new disease”.

    A major reason why Warrior affected so many varieties was because it unpicked a single, major adult plant resistance gene – YRClaire – one that had been extensively used in plant breeding since 1997.

    The post-Warrior explosion in the diversity of the yellow rust population was so large it demanded a change to the way new variants were named. Today, new races are assigned to a genetic colour group and given a sequential number – unique to the varieties on which they cause disease (pathotype).

    Since the incursion of Warrior, the red group of isolates has dominated the population – with it featuring over 50 pathotypes.

    Frequencies of these pathotypes vary over time and space: even across a short distance in a field, the pathotypes present can vary substantially.

    The three most dominant pathotypes represent around a third of the population, according to the most recent UKCPVS results.

    Post-Warrior, the yellow rust population has changed so much that its ability to unlock resistance in some old varieties (from the 1990s) may have, in essence, been forgotten. This includes Brigadier (Figure 1), which features genes known to counter the Warrior population of races. Therefore, historic genetics may offer solutions for the varieties of tomorrow.

    Plant breeding challenges

    A major challenge for plant breeding is that a traditional wheat breeding cycle takes around 10 years. Despite early promise in pre-breeding and National Lists trials, varieties may no longer be resistant (or may be less resistant) by the time they reach RL trials.

    However, UKCPVS pathotype information (presence and frequency) guides plant breeding efforts. The provision of representative pathotypes to breeders – for artificial infection (inoculation) of varieties in disease nurseries – also helps to maximise the chance of successful variety selection.

    Disease nurseries are also used to evaluate resistance (R) gene combinations. There are at least eight R genes across the current set of RL winter wheat varieties. Wheat breeders look to incorporate (stack) as many effective R genes as possible to deliver durable disease resistance – providing any major yield penalties can be avoided.

    Most RL winter wheat varieties have two or three R genes for yellow rust, and three have four. However, several only contain one R gene – not only increasing the vulnerability in these varieties, but to others too. Plant breeding companies, such as Limagrain, now aim to avoid deploying single R genes in commercial varieties.

    There is a continual hunger to introduce new sources of resistance, as the elite wheat gene pool is narrow. Breeders turn to wheat’s wild relatives, direct ancestors, and landraces to help expand it. However, this route takes as much as three times longer than elite crosses due to the need to flush out undesirable traits.

    Genetic technologies, such as marker-assisted selection, are helping to speed up the plant breeding process. Despite the changes to the yellow rust population, many RL varieties have strong resistance to the disease at the adult-plant and young-plant stages. It shows the ingenuity of plant breeders.

    Adult plant disease ratingNumber of winter wheat varieties (RL 2022/23)
    8–922
    6–79
    5 or less7
  • Prospects for UK agri-food exports

    This analysis examines export opportunities for UK producers, both ones that exist currently and those that may emerge over the coming decade.

    Pinpointing the opportunities

    The expansion of the middle classes in emerging markets across the globe is strengthening the demand for protein and imported foods. And globally the British brand is well-regarded, being associated with quality and high safety standards. So how can UK producers and exporters capitalise on these favourable circumstances?

    Who is this analysis for?

    We aim to help producers and exporters build an understanding of the opportunities and challenges of trading in different world regions. Policymakers and trade negotiators will also find useful the review of economic potential in overseas markets.

    Analysis by world region 

    EuropeThe EU remains one of the UK’s most important trading partners and will continue to be a key opportunity in the future due to the proximity of the market and well-established relationships.

    Asia: Asia holds significant potential for UK exports due to its large population, increasing middle-class wealth, rising meat consumption and consumers’ high regard for food safety and quality.

    North America: The main opportunity for UK exporters in North America will be for premium red meat and dairy products which are differentiated from domestic production.

    Middle East and North Africa (Coming soon): MENA offers significant opportunities for UK exporters, especially for the lamb and dairy sectors due to the region’s strong population growth together with limited production capacity driving food imports higher over the next decade.

    Central/South America (Coming soon): There are limited export opportunities for the UK in Central and South America, primarily due to the proximity of the big exporters such as the USA, Brazil and Argentina who are the main suppliers of this market.

    Sub-Saharan Africa (Coming soon): There’s room to expand on the amount of commodity level red meat the UK currently exports to Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire and South Africa as well as increasing premium cuts into South Africa.

    Where does the UK currently export Cereals to?

    The European Union (EU) remains the UK’s most important trading partner. But now the UK is free to strike trade deals with other nations, so it is worth exploring where the most fruitful opportunities lie. 

    Wheat

    • The amount of wheat exported by the UK depends on production in any given year and can vary considerably
    • The EU is the most important trading partner for the UK wheat market, with over 90% of UK wheat exports shipped to the trading bloc over the past five years on average
    • Domestic production and supplies around the world, particularly those of the UK’s main competitors and the relative competitiveness of UK grain, are all key factors determining the level of exports in any given year

    Figure 1. UK wheat exports to non-EU destinations, 2011–2021

    Source: UK HMRC compiled by Trade Data Monitor LLC

    • In recent years, UK wheat has been exported to Algeria, the United States, Iceland and Turkey, with an average value (2018–2021) of £5.0m, £2.5m and £0.8m, respectively
    • A shipment of over 100,000 tonnes of wheat was also sent to Nigeria in 2020, although this is a one-off situation
    • Morocco has also been a key export destination over the past decade, although exports to the country have tapered off since 2016
    • Morocco, Spain and Portugal are key customers of UK biscuit wheat

    Barley

    • While the EU is also the primary market for UK barley exports, considerable amounts have been shipped to non-EU countries
    • Following a period where over 300,000 tonnes of UK barley was exported to countries outside the EU annually between 2013 and 2016, volumes have dropped in recent years with the exception of 2020

    Figure 2. UK barley exports to non-EU destinations, 2011–2021

    Source: UK HMRC compiled by Trade Data Monitor LLC

    • Key non-EU destinations for UK barley exports (2019–2021 average) were Tunisia (£9.1m), Morocco (£11.2m), Algeria (£8.1m) and Saudi Arabia (£6.1m)
    • UK barley exported to these countries is feed grade rather than malting barley

    What drives international demand?

    We present data on gross domestic product (GDP), population growth and income per capita.

    World GDP growth

    Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of the size and health of an economy over time. The larger the GDP figure, the healthier the state of the economy. Figure 1 shows how the global economy has fared in recent years and forecast growth to 2024.

    Figure 3. Global GDP growth, with predictions from 2022 onwards

    Source: World Bank

    Disruption to economic growth

    In 2021 COVID-19 caused the sharpest global recession since the Second World War. A brief rally followed, but the world economy is now suffering again. This time the cause is high inflation and slow growth (stagflation). Even if a global recession is averted, this period of stagflation could last for several years. The war in Ukraine, surging interest rates and inflation have combined to slow world economic growth, which is forecast to drop from 5.9% growth in 2021 to 2.9% in 2022.

    The impacts of Ukraine

    The Ukraine conflict is leading to soaring prices and volatility in energy markets. Energy exporters have fared relatively well but this has been more than offset by net energy importers. The invasion of Ukraine has also led to a significant increase in agricultural commodity prices, which is exacerbating food insecurity and extreme poverty in many emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs).

    The adverse effects from this war will be most keenly felt in Europe and Central Asia, where output is forecast to contract sharply in 2023. Output growth is projected to slow in all regions except the Middle East and North Africa, where the benefits of high energy prices for energy exporters are expected to outweigh those prices’ negative impacts on other economies in the region.

    Following the negative shock to global activity in 2022, no rebound is projected for 2023: global growth is forecast to fall to 1.7% that year. Many headwinds—in particular, high commodity prices and continued monetary tightening—are expected to persist. Moreover, the outlook is subject to various downside risks, including intensifying geopolitical tensions, growing stagflation, rising financial instability, continuing supply strains, and worsening food insecurity. 

    Population growth

    The global population reached eight billion in November 2022 – three times the size it was in 1950. The latest projections by the United Nations suggest that the world’s population could grow to around 8.5 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion in 2050. It is projected to reach a peak of around 10.4 billion people during the 2080s and to remain at that level until 2100.

    Figure 4. Global population by region, 1985–2050

    Source: United Nations 2022

    Global population distribution

    The world population in 2021 was distributed as follows:

    • 61% of the global population lives in Asia (4.7 billion)
    • 17% in Africa (1.3 billion)
    • 10% in Europe (750 million)
    • 8% in Latin America and the Caribbean (650 million)
    • 5% in Northern America (370 million) and Oceania (43 million)

    China (1.44 billion) and India (1.39 billion) remain the two most populous countries of the world, representing 19 and 18% of the world’s population, respectively. India is projected to overtake China as the world’s most populous country by 2027, while China’s population is projected to decrease by 31.4 million, or around 2.2%, between 2019 and 2050. (Source: World Population Prospects 2019)

    Between now and 2050, more than half of global population growth is expected to occur in Africa, which already has the highest rate of population growth globally. The population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to double by 2050. 

    In contrast, the populations of 55 countries or areas in the world, predominantly in Europe, are expected to decrease by 2050, of which 26 may see a reduction of at least 10%. 

    Growth of the middle class 

    Increases in GDP and population growth in many countries and regions of the world have led to an increase in the so-called ‘middle income’ or ‘middle class’. These terms are used interchangeably to describe those above a certain income and consumption level per capita. Taking into account inflation, the income range for middle-class families can be expressed as $11 to $110 pppd in 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms. As Tables 1 and 2 show, the numbers of middle-income consumers, their % share of the global population and % share of spending power, particularly in Asia-Pacific, are set to increase dramatically.

    Table 1. Number (millions) and share of the global middle class by region

    Source: Kharas 2017 – The unprecedented expansion of the global middle class

    Table 2. Middle-class consumption (PPP, constant 2011 trillion $, and global share) – top 10 countries in 2015, 2020, and 2030

    Source: Kharas 2017 – The unprecedented expansion of the global middle class 

    According to World Bank data, between 2012 and 2019, the global middle-income population increased from 5.4 billion to 5.8 billion. The pandemic is estimated to have erased a year of growth, leaving the global middle-class population unchanged from 2019 to 2020.

    The effect of the COVID-19 economic downturn on the middle class and other income tiers shows distinct regional differences. South Asia has been the most affected, followed by East Asia and the Pacific. Meanwhile, in advanced economies, the middle class is estimated to increase as countries move from the high-income level to middle income.

    Despite the many challenges, forecasts indicate that it will be this emerging middle class in East Asia and India that will show the biggest growth in demand for goods and services over the coming decades.

    Continuity of supply

    When examining the UK’s potential to maximise exports, it’s important to determine how much the UK produces of each agri-food product and how much is available to export. 

    Wheat

    UK wheat production has averaged around 14 Mt over the past decade, but from year to year there can be fluctuations depending on the weather. For example, Figure 4 shows how between the 2019/20 and 2020/21 crop years, the UK wheat harvest fell from 16.2 Mt to 9.7 Mt, a decline of 40%.

    The UK has been a net importer of wheat seven times in the past 10 years (2012–2021). Even in years where the UK produces a bumper crop, a certain level of imports will always be required. This is because the milling sector requires a proportion of high-protein wheat that cannot be grown domestically, to ensure continuity in the grist. High-protein hard wheat for milling is imported from Canada, France and Germany.

    On average UK flour millers use 80% homegrown wheat and 20% imported wheat each year, but these proportions change depending on the quality and quantity of the domestic crop.

    Figure 5. UK wheat production and exportable surplus

    Source: Defra, AHDB

    As Figure 4 shows, the exportable surplus of wheat (the amount left over once domestic demand and stock requirements have been taken into account) also fluctuates considerably. These factors, combined with other issues (such as tough competition from big global producers) mean that the UK is unlikely to become a major wheat exporter any time soon.

    However, there are opportunities in the niche soft wheat market. UK soft wheat is favoured by Spain, Portugal and Morocco – especially when there is a disruption to supply.

    A challenge for the UK is that soft wheat area has been declining as farmers prefer to grow higher-yielding varieties. Soft wheat area is on average around 20% of the UK wheat area.

    Barley

    UK barley production has averaged around 7 Mt over the past decade. Output has been fairly stable, varying between 6 and 8 Mt. The UK is a net exporter of barley and the exportable surplus is usually over, or close to, 1,000 t (Figure 5).

    Figure 6. UK barley production and exportable surplus

    Source: Defra, AHDB

    Spring barley dominates over winter varieties, comprising around 65% of the total UK barley area. Most of the barley produced is used for animal feed (4.3 Mt based on 2016/2017–2021/22 average), with around 1.8 Mt consumed by the UK malting sector.

    The UK’s exportable surplus of barley is around 1.5 Kt on average (2016/17–2021/22). Key markets include the EU for both feed and malting barley and the Middle East and North Africa region for feed barley.

  • UK’s first Agroforestry Show to explore the perks of farming with trees


    Hundreds of farmers and foresters can discover the benefits of farming with trees for sustainable food production in the UK’s first Agroforestry Show.

    The event, hosted by the Woodland Trust and Soil Association and sponsored by lead partner Sainsbury’s, will explore the boost that trees can deliver for nature and climate as well as delivering resilience and productivity for farm businesses.

    It will bring together a thousand guests spanning across farmers, foresters, tree nurseries, growers, graziers, advisors, funders, food businesses, policy makers and agroforesters.

    Tickets are now on sale for the two-day gathering, on Wednesday 6 and Thursday 7 September, which will include:

    ●            Knowledge exchange workshops and inspiring talks

    ●            Farmer and forester led discussions

    ●            Agroforestry field walks

    ●            Live equipment demonstrations

    ●            Exhibitions and market stalls

    Soil Association Chief Executive Helen Browning will be hosting the event at Eastbrook Farm, in Wiltshire, where she runs a mixed farm with an agroforestry project that has been running for seven years.

    She said: “We are delighted to be working with the Woodland Trust to host the UK’s first ever Agroforestry Show. Agroforestry holds so many of the answers to the climate and nature crises, and it has also been proven to boost farm productivity. Trees improve soil health, provide habitats for wildlife including beneficial insects, give shelter and forage to livestock, and cut carbon emissions. And they do all this while providing additional funding streams through fruit, nuts and timber. Much more than a trade show, this two-day gathering will inspire hundreds of land stewards to collaborate and get involved with agroforestry.”

    Agroforestry offers huge opportunities to the forestry sector and this show will be a catalyst to strengthen the relationships between the forestry and farming sectors. Working together the two sectors can identify solutions to help overcome the current knowledge and financial barriers to widescale up take of agroforestry.

    The Woodland Trust has a decade of experience in supporting agroforestry and at the show  they will highlight how we support landowners and farmers to adopt agroforestry on their land, via a range of subsidised tree offers and expert advice.   The trust aims to tap into the demand from farmers wanting to do more for the environment and help to unlock this potential with this event.

    Helen Chesshire, Lead Farming Advocate at the Woodland Trust said:

    “Having many more trees within our farmed landscapes could bring so much good. Trees make an important contribution to tackling climate change and helping reverse biodiversity declines. Agroforestry supports farm businesses to adapt to climate change and become more resilient to the types of financial, social and environmental shocks that are likely to be a part of the future.

    “This event is about making trees work for farm businesses and the local environment that they operate within and rely on. It is a sign of hope that there are solutions to grasp – if we take them. We will highlight this and more at September’s show.”

    The event, also sponsored by the Forestry Commission, Defra, Tillhill,  Farm Carbon Toolkit and Royal Forestry Society, comes hot on the heels of a ground-breaking report, funded by the Woodland Trust, which showed how a major increase in agroforestry – farming with trees – in England, is essential if the country is to meet nature and climate targets, whilst at the same time securing long term food production.

    The report was developed from new analysis commissioned from Cranfield University which revealed arable farms that integrate trees within arable crops – known as silvoarable systems  – could lock up eight tonnes of CO2 per hectare per year over 30 years. Eight tonnes of CO2 is equivalent to the annual emissions of an UK citizen.

    Buy your tickets now (https://www.agroforestryshow.com/tickets)

    Two-day tickets are offered on a tiered ticket scale to make this event as accessible and affordable as possible. Single day tickets will become available when the event program is launched. Early bird tickets are available now but will go fast.


    A limited number of bursary funded places are also available for those who require additional support to attend the event. Get in touch for more information at: info@agroforestryshow.com

  • Agronomist Focus – Dick Neale

    Healthy soil … what does that actually mean?

    Written by Dick Neale from Hutchinsons

    Hutchinsons launched its Healthy Soils Assessment service in 2016.  Since then the overall understanding of what goes into making a soil healthy has increased massively.

    Shared knowledge, research, observation, plus a clear increase in grower interest have all combined to accelerate the learnings and engagement across the industry.

    Everyone now appreciates that soil is a living, breathing entity and that microbiology and increasing microbial biomass is as important an objective as increasing organic matter.

    Our Healthy Soils Assessment, Gold Soil test and now the combination of these with TerraMap soil mapping in TerraMap Gold, are vital components in creating a starting point of information with which to make clear decisions on what future interventions may be needed, be they physical, chemical or biological.

    Over the past seven years we have identified some clear common denominators with regards to soil health

    • The seeding zone of seedbeds tends to be overworked
    • Overworking leaves seedbeds at risk from slaking during heavy rain events
    • Slaking or capping of the seedbed creates anaerobic conditions in the seeded zone and severely impairs crop establishment
    • Poor infiltration of surface rainfall due to capping is incorrectly identified as poor drainage and addressed via deeper tillage passes.

    Modern tillage machinery can create good seedbeds quickly, but problem grassweeds such as black grass or ryegrass require delayed drilling to be practised for good cultural control.

    The two elements of delayed drilling and early creation of finely worked seedbeds are rarely compatible, frequently leading to capped and anaerobic seedbeds.

    The assessment of baseline issues and the farming requirements like grassweed control allows us to work with customers in addressing all issues beyond just having a focus on healthy soil or just achieving good weed control, a plan allows all elements to be positively impacted at the same time.

    Soil structure and the soil’s own innate ability to maintain a resilient structure is a combination of factors, but understanding that soil moving implements never create good soil structure is a major shift in understanding.

    Good soil structure is created via natural processes, the building of aggregates by microbiology, binding of these together via growing roots and creation of burrows by worms, all together creating stable resilient soil, with good gas exchange, water movement and storage.

    Soil moving implements change this structure, and always in a negative way for the long term. However, farming soil damages soil and cultivation interventions are frequently needed to address problems such as compaction at depth, or shallow compaction.

    Assessment of compaction depth is a vital component in good soil management – shallow compaction is not addressed appropriately by deep tillage. In all cases tillage can be used and frequently should be used, to remove a structural problem where identified, but tillage does not create good soil structure – natural processes do that. Tillage only improves or removes a structural problem in the short term, long term the issue will return if other interventions are not used in combination.

    Deep tillage breaks up natural soil structures and produces a ‘soft’ loose structure which is easily recompacted via the passage of heavy machines during the farming year. The recompacted soil is again deep tilled to alleviate the compaction facilitated by the original deep tillage. We have to break the cycle, but doing that successfully again requires a plan centred on an assessed baseline for your farm, a plan that transitions to an agreed approach, a plan that anticipates both the positives and potential negatives of the transition period, a long term plan that incorporates all the elements for resilient and healthy soil.

    Vital Elements:

    • Soil assessment
    • Gold test
    • Utilisation of cover and catch crops
    • Appropriate cultivation when required
    • Understanding of chemical, biological and physical impacts on soil structure
    • Initiating processes to cycle nutrients within the soil
    • Never lose focus of growing strong and healthy cash crops.

  • Up-to-date science critical when it comes to navigating natural capital

    Farm businesses should be taking control of all of their natural capital assets regardless of supply chain directives, as data shows a positive link between sustainability improvements, reduction in emission levels and the bottom line.

    Dr Alasdair Sykes, managing director for sustainability at Trinity AgTech says it’s not enough to only consider the emissions produced at an individual field or crop level.

    “To truly capitalise on this information and gain wider analytics about your farm as a whole, it is crucial to be using up-to-date scientific data and models that accurately represent UK agriculture,” he says.

    “Gathering all available data is vital. This gives baseline measurements and the opportunity to put in place longer term business strategies and a clear road map going forward.”

    Moving with the times         

    Achieving net zero within agriculture is a hot topic across the supply chain and at a government and global level.

    But it may not be the right strategy for your farm, at this time, to focus on net zero as the absolute target. Indeed, some farms may never achieve net zero, but that doesn’t necessarily mean they cannot and are not making steps towards carbon improvement.

    We need to move the narrative forward as an industry. What may be more important is to actively focus on improving sustainability and productivity metrics appropriate for the farm’s system and land characteristics.

    Before you can move forward at all, it’s vital you have a complete understanding of what natural capital you have to work with on your farm. That includes all aspects of carbon, biodiversity, water, soil and woodlands. Biodiversity and water quality are other key aspects to understand as they also have an inherent value.

    “Getting on top of your emission levels now and knowing what your whole picture for natural capital looks like is a no-lose situation as it is something all farms and business are going to be required to do in the not too distant future,” says Dr Sykes.

    “Ensure you are ahead of the curve and choose what’s best for your farm. This will avoid being backed into a corner by stakeholders higher up the supply chain, especially those who may be looking to audit your emissions using a tool that incorrectly reports on your data.

    “This could result in huge injustices for you and your farm,” says Dr Sykes.

    “It’s also true that the space around reducing emissions is very volatile at the moment, so by urgently prioritising getting baseline measurements in place, you can start proactively implementing positive change, armed with the data.

    “With regulatory requirements and policy constraints, it can feel like an ever moving landscape and difficult to navigate what should be recorded and when. It also often depends on where you are based in the country and what schemes available to you.”

    However, he notes that there will never be a penalty to getting the farm in a position of understanding  your farm data and your ability to manage it. But it will deliver information and insights to talk to customers and other stakeholders.

    Irrigation system working watering a crop of potatoes in rural Shropshire, UK.

    Using the right tool for the job

    Dr Sykes explains: “When looking to conduct a natural capital audit on your farm, it’s important to be able to navigate through your own data, and pull from additional land based information such as topography, weather etc.  

    “This means a tool which will help you make decisions and that looks at the variation in your outputs and management processes as you move forwards.

    “First generation tools are typically not reliable when calculating carbon emissions. This is because they rely on out-of-date scientific data which makes sweeping generalisations of arable farms and their practices, often resulting in wildly incorrect emission levels.”

    He adds: “Choosing a navigator that covers a range of metrics is important. Farmers are very aware of the different pressures placed on them particularly around carbon and GHG emissions.

    “However, it’s also important to cover biodiversity, water protection, nitrate leaching and soil protection. It is very likely that in the coming years these results and statistics are going to become increasingly desirable from stakeholders up and down the supply chain.”

    One size doesn’t fit all

    “It’s important to remember that improving on-farm sustainability is a unique journey for every farm,” says Dr Sykes.

    “The options are vast and will be preferable depending on a range of factors and differences including business goals, farming system, land use and soil type to name a few.

    “However, much of the science and data behind first generation calculators and tools, does not account for these differences. 

    “To correct this injustice and offer a clear roadmap to reduce farm emissions while supporting farm business profitability, it is vital that on-farm software has the analytical capabilities to not only deliver a credible assessment but to also guide decision making,” he adds.

    “Having the ability to scenario plan and be supported continuously through the decision-making means that farmers are truly able to utilise their land and resources.

    “This can also ensure that changes to management processes and farming practices not only help reduce farm emissions, but also work to support the future of the people working on the farm and the businesses longevity,” concludes Dr Sykes.

    What is Sandy? 

    • Award-winning navigator software for measuring, managing and optimising natural capital   
    • The only next generation platform providing scenario planning to future proof your farm
    • ISO accredited and based on the latest science to create the industry’s most credible register of on-farm natural capital assets including biodiversity, carbon, agroforestry, and water quality  
    • Completely independent and easy to use
    • Created for all farms, of all sizes, everywhere  

    To book a demo or find out more about Sandy visit: www.trinityagtech.com 

  • “ConservES” project for research on biodiversity in intensive farmland 

    Three-year project to maximize ecosystem performance – eight project partners from four E.U. countries – DLG is professional partner and will communicate findings

    A group of eight professional partners has just launched the international “ConservES” project for research on increasing bioversity in intensive wheat farmland, without reducing yields. The DLG (German Agricultural Society) will contribute with its biodiversity know-how and additionally lead the communication of project results to the agricultural community.

    “The goal of the three-year project is to increase biodiversity in intensive agricultural areas without causing yield losses to farmers,” said Joan Van Baaren, professor at the University of Rennes. “We expect the project to deliver results that can help achieve the significant ecological benefits of floral enrichment for biodiversity as well as ecosystem services on conventionally farmed land,” added Van Baaren.

    The benefits of hedgerows and flower strips as habitats for pollinators and natural enemies of pests and weeds will be the focus of the international research project, which is coordinated by the University of Rennes, France, with the professional partners Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, Germany; Living Lab CLEF, France; Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium; DLG (German Agricultural Society); Crop Research Institute as well as the Association for Innovation and Sustainable Agriculture, both Czech Republic.

    With the appropriate project description “Living-lab approach to floral enrichment as a tool to conserve biodiversity and maximising ecosystem services in European agricultural landscapes”, the ConservES project draws on resources from each member.  

    The project will explore the importance of habitats that exist naturally alongside farmed land, such as hedgerows, or habitats that have been established as “linear semi-natural elements” such as flower strips, serving to improve the abundance and diversity of organisms, pest and weed control, and pollination.

    As wheat is the dominant crop produced.in the areas studied – western and northern France, Wallonia, Belgium, southern Germany and western Czech Republic the project will focus on conventional fields of wheat or other small-grain cereals.

    The ConservES project is multidisciplinary and based on the combination of four approaches:

    – The concept of the real laboratory

    – Bioblitz field data collection in each of the five study regions

    – Field trials to increase plant species diversity

    – Simulations through spatial modelling within the five study regions.

    Along a climatic gradient, it is expected that the climatic context will play a major role on the potential of ecosystem services in each area, as temperature is a key  effect of climate change.

    “Involving local farms is one of the most important activities and a key factor for the success of the project,” says Stephanie Timm, project manager at DLG. “The concept of the real lab is to work with farmers to develop scenarios for expanding diversity within, near and around fields to optimize agroecosystem diversity at the farm and in the countryside generally. The farmers will be involved in biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health,” she adds.

    The project’s activities also aim to build an effective network of research and farming practices to communicate the value of ecosystem services and establish the application of the solutions developed beyond the project.

    The activities of the project is also expected to build an effective network of research and agricultural practice to communicate the value of ecosystem services and establish the application of the solutions developed beyond the project.

    The DLG is active in several biodiversity projects, including “BioMonitor4CAP” (Project number 101081964) funded by the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program, that aims to develop, evaluate and test affordable and reliable systems for monitoring biodiversity for application on agricultural land. This project focuses on specially protected areas for rare, endangered or vulnerable natural habitats and species of plants or animals.

    We will report the finding of the studies in future issues.

  • What do you read – April 2023?

    If you are like us, then you don’t know where to start when it comes to other reading apart from farming magazines.  However, there is so much information out there that can help us understand our businesses, farm better and understand the position of non-farmers.

    We have listed a few more books you might find interesting, challenge the way you currently think and help you farm better.

    Agroecology and Regenerative Agriculture: Sustainable Solutions for Hunger, Poverty, and Climate Change

    The book is an interdisciplinary synthesis of research and practice carried out over decades by leaders of the agroecology and regenerative organic agriculture movement. It provides detailed analysis of the multiple crises we face due to chemical and industrial agriculture, including land degradation, water depletion, biodiversity erosion, climate change, agrarian crises, and health crises. The book lays out biodiversity based organic farming and agroecology as the road map for the future of agriculture and sustainable food systems, both locally and globally. With detailed scientific evidence, Agroecology & Regenerative Agriculture shows how ecological agriculture based on working with nature rather than abasing ecological laws can regenerate the planet, the rural economy, and our health.

    Who Really Feeds the World?

    The world’s food supply is in the grip of a profound crisis. Humanity’s ability to feed itself is threatened by a wasteful, globalized agricultural industry, whose relentless pursuit of profit is stretching our planet’s ecosystems to breaking point. Rising food prices have fuelled instability across the world, while industrialized agriculture has contributed to a health crisis of massive proportions, with effects ranging from obesity and diabetes to cancers caused by pesticides. In Who Really Feeds the World?, leading environmentalist thinker Vandana Shiva rejects the dominant, greed-driven paradigm of industrial agriculture, arguing instead for a radical rethink of our relationship with food and with the environment. Industrial agriculture can never be truly sustainable, but it is within our power to create a food system that works for the health and well-being of the planet and all humanity, by developing ecologically friendly farming practices, nurturing biodiversity, and recognizing the invaluable role that small farmers can play in feeding a hungry world.

    Reclaiming the Commons: Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge, and the Rights of Mother Earth

    Reclaiming the Commons: Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge, and the Rights of Mother Earth lays out the scientific, legal, political, and cultural struggle to defend the sovereignty of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge. Corporate war on nature and people through patents and corporate Intellectual Property Rights has unleashed an epidemic of biopiracy resulting in important legal battles fighting efforts to patent the rights to many plants, including basmati, neem, and wheat. The author presents details of the specific attempts made by corporations to secure these patents and the legal actions taken to fight them. The book goes beyond the legal struggle to position the necessary solutions to corporate control including the exploring the Rights of Nature and proposing a framework for a Universal Declaration of the Rights of Mother Earth. It is the first detailed legal history of the international and national laws related to biodiversity and Intellectual Property Rights.

    CLIMATE CHANGE and the road to NET-ZERO

    CLIMATE CHANGE and the road to NET-ZERO is a story of how humanity has broken free from the shackles of poverty, suffering, and war and for the first time in human history grown both population and prosperity. It’s also a story of how a single species has reconfigured the natural world, repurposed the Earth’s resources, and begun to re-engineer the climate. The book uses these conflicting narratives to explore the science, economics, technology, and politics of climate change. NET-ZERO blows away the entrenched idea that solving global warming requires a trade-off between the economy and environment, present and future generations, or rich and poor, and reveals why a twenty-year transition to a zero carbon system is a win-win solution for all on planet Earth.

    There Is No Planet B

    Feeding the world, climate change, biodiversity, antibiotics, plastics, pandemics – the list of concerns seems endless. But what is most pressing, and what should we do first? Do we all need to become vegetarian? How can we fly in a low-carbon world? How can we take control of technology? And, given the global nature of the challenges we now face, what on Earth can any of us do, as individuals? Mike Berners-Lee has crunched the numbers and plotted a course of action that is full of hope, practical, and enjoyable. This is the big-picture perspective on the environmental and economic challenges of our day, laid out in one place, and traced through to the underlying roots – questions of how we live and think. This updated edition has new material on protests, pandemics, wildfires, investments, carbon targets and of course, on the key question: given all this, what can I do?

  • Farm Manager Seeking Regenerative Role

    A practical and innovative farm manager wishing to go beyond sustainability seeks a hands-on position to focus on clean and resilient food, fibre and energy production; soil restoration and natural capital enhancement.


    Please contact:
    hello@vibrantsoil.co.uk

  • Soil Farmer Of The Year Competition 2019

    Written by Becky Willson, Farm Carbon Cutting Toolkit

    The Soil Farmer of the Year competition aims to find, promote and champion farmers who are passionate about safeguarding their soils and building resilient businesses. The competition is now in its fourth year and attracts amazing farmers who are running a range of different enterprises and management systems, but are all connected by a focus on soil management and a drive to make the system more sustainable.

    One of the highlights of the competition is the opportunity to dig a little deeper into the finalist’s soil management strategies at farm walks which take place in early July on the top three farms. These events are always brilliant, not just because of the interesting things that are taking place on the farm, but also because of the honesty and openness of the farmers to answer questions and explain their management and how their system has evolved. The winners were announced in early June and we were incredibly lucky this year to be offered a space on the main stage at Groundswell to present the awards and allow our top three farmers to share their experiences with the delegates attending the show. This was a great opportunity for our winners to meet each other and discuss ideas, and the session was chaired by Joel Williams. All of the farmers gave a short presentation on their management system and some of the challenges that they had faced along the way.

    Our winner this year was Julian Gold, an arable farmer from Oxfordshire, and on a sunny evening (when combining was in the forefront of people’s minds), we all gathered to hear more about Julian’s award winning management. Julian runs a predominantly arable farm, with a flock of sheep that graze cover crops and areas of permanent pasture. The fundamental management principle on this farm is managing carbon; by growing high yielding crops there is a lot of carbon pumped back into the soil and by reducing tillage, once that carbon is in the soil it doesn’t escape. Julian explained his key philosophy on the farm, “I am not a farmer, I am a facilitator of photosynthesis and everything flows from that.”

    The key theme of the walk was focussed on the practicalities of residue management, specifically the management of barley straw and whether all of the issues that Julian has experienced was worth it. He is managing his system by returning all crop residues to the soil which is following his carbon principles, however practically it is causing some issues with crop establishment. By growing big photosynthetic crops, they are pumping carbon through the plant roots and into the soil which is great, and then by leaving the straw on the surface, it is acting as a soil biology primer. However dealing with the straw can present a challenge. The high carbon to nitrogen ratio of the straw will ensure that the biology have to work to breakdown the material, and Julian is convinced that the biology in his soil is now used to assimilating the straw. The nitrogen strategy on the farm currently is to apply it little and often however over the next few years, cutting back on nitrogen is a key management aim.

    The farm occupies 800 ha and is mostly owner occupied. Julian runs a 6 year rotation, which is rape, wheat, spring barley, spring or winter beans, wheat and winter barley. There is flexibility between whether he grows winter or spring beans, and there is a guaranteed cover crop before spring barley after winter wheat, and if spring beans are grown after the spring barley. The farm runs a controlled traffic system which Julian started in 2012 which is based on 10m, which means that 20% of the field is ever driven on and 80% is not touched. No deep tillage is done and the carbon and root systems are protected. Julian was keen to recommend that everyone could try using a controlled traffic system at harvest, to minimise the potential damage by grain trailers and the combine.

    Crops and residue management

    The first field that we visited was a field of oil seed rape. This field had previously grown winter barley, and had a lot of chopped straw on the surface. The crop had established fine apart from an area where combining had carried on too long into the evening and straw chop quality was bad. A big issue with high volumes of straw residues is maintaining soil to seed contact as the soil surface layer is very fluffy and hard to consolidate. Another issue the farm struggles with is the battlement effect left behind when direct drilling with the tine drill. The undisturbed areas of soil support the rolls and make it difficult to consolidate the seed trench.

    After the rape we went to look at a field of barley, which had had a cover crop before which had been grazed by sheep. The cover crop had a high biomass, as (similar to the cereals) Julian is keen to maximise photosynthesis even in the cover crop and provide a variety of rooting depths and species. Julian also explained how he creates the right mindset for soil friendly farming by imagining a fictional scenario “that way back in time as life was evolving on the planet, an intelligent soil ecosystem evolved first and needed a food source so created plants to grow and harvest sunshine and carbon dioxide to feed the soil community. The farmers function is to tend the food producing slaves and in return is allowed to take the seeds as payment!” Julian explained that “when you have this focus on farming for the soil it is a win-win scenario because the grain yields become better and more robust over time.” 

    Julian has been growing cover crops since 2014, starting off with vetches and black oats, and now including high biomass mixes. They are mob stocked with 50% of the cover trampled and the field is never turned brown with bare soil. The field is then sprayed off and drilled. Until the point that it is sprayed off, something is growing, providing soil cover. This year, on this field, however grazing with the sheep was challenging, as they couldn’t take advantage of the good weather early in the season to drill as the sheep were still grazing it, but Julian is still keen on the value of the sheep in the rotation, explaining “everything is an integrated holistic system, and you have to take some things on the chin to achieve the end goal.” The walk also took in a different field of oilseed rape which had been drilled with the Moore disc drill, and looked at some pollinator strips that are planted in the middle of a field of barley as part of a research project looking at management systems for sustainability. While the main benefits of the strips is crop protection and improvement of biodiversity, it will be interesting to see whether there is a soil health benefit from them being planted.

    Future plans

    Julian is trialling a few acres where he is undersowing clover and medic. Now that the soil organic matter levels have built up, the next plan is to start to reduce Nitrogen levels and improve nitrogen use efficiency which will reduce nitrous oxide emissions, with the ultimate aim of running a farming system which has lower inputs and positive economic and environmental benefits. 

    Cheshire Dairy man is runner-up

    Our second place winner was Will Blackburn who farms in Cheshire. He runs a dairy enterprise with 300 milking cows and grows a range of arable crops. His light sandy soils make holding onto nutrients and water a challenge, and this has seen him adapt his management system to focus on building organic matter within the soil.

    Will started drilling with a Moore drill 10 years ago for drilling grass into wheat stubbles. The farm was still growing potatoes, which prevented a complete switch over. He explains “when we were growing potatoes, it took 3 or 4 years of grass to get the soil back in good health. When potatoes were making good money that was ok, however when they weren’t making good returns, it didn’t make sense. You realise when you stop growing them how much they are damaging the system.” Since the move away from potatoes the focus is to develop a fantastic surface to the soil which will build a humus layer (and resilience).

    Will is also grateful to the cows and grass being on the farm, which has made the switch that much easier as the soil biology was already good. The soil on the farm is changing, the stones are disappearing which he puts down to good levels of worm activity, the worms are constantly active and digesting the soil, taking soil up which pushes the stones further down the soil profile. As well as the light land that is surrounding the home farm, Will has some heavier land away which is being managed in a similar way. Traditionally after 3 years of ploughing these fields would need a lot of working back down to get a good seed bed for the next crop, however with this system, that isn’t the case. 

    The first field that we visited was a grass field. Here Will explained more about the soils on his farm and how he manages them. The soils on this farm are good at leaching potash, so the aim is to get carbon into the soil and keep in there to make best use of it (and not lose it). Although this is a simple message, by following it and looking after the soils by not cultivating it is possible to achieve. The light sandy soils are great for turning cows out early, but in periods of dry weather they can suffer. The system being developed here is predominantly looking to provide the resilience in drought conditions. The grass seed in this field was disc drilled in. Will explains, “By not disturbing the soil, when the conditions go dry you maintain the soil capillaries and old root channels which allow water to percolate, and the soil can perform its natural function.”

    Although grass is fantastic for soil health and soil biology, Will is also keen on having a break from grass within the rotation and is seeing the benefits. It also provides an opportunity to get on top of the grass pests including leatherjackets. Grass management and efficient forage utilisation is something that Will has recently started to focus on in greater depth. Will maintains the grass in its vegetative state though grazing management. As well as providing high quality forage to the cows, he sees a soil benefit from this too as the grass is continuing to produce new roots until the seed head appears. By managing grass to keep it producing roots the soil biology is being fed and carbon is being cycled efficiently.

    Lighter Machinery and Gradual Change

    Will measures his grass once a week to calculate his available forage and complete a grass budget. Measuring grass covers and calculating his feed wedge has allowed him to improve his pasture utilisation and plan ahead. He explains, “the efficient use of grass means that we can use less concentrates, producing milk more efficiently.” The leys on the farm are predominantly high sugar grasses and clover. Will has had fantastic results from high sugar grasses and finds them great for milk production as well as being carbon efficient. Will isn’t a fan of intervening mechanically with machinery including the use of subsoiling or slitting as the aim is not to interfere unless there is a massive issue.

    He explains, “if we can get roots, pore spaces and channels built up then the soil is more resistant to compaction, the soil starts to bounce and become resilient, however if you are tilling it, instead of bouncing back it goes down and stays down.” Will started off with a Moore disc drill but struggled on the heavy land as there were issues with drying out and the slots opening up which led to poor establishment. He moved over to a 750a and finds that it does what it needs to do and fits the system, although he admits its quite extravagant for the number of hours that it does! However Will is completely honest that not everything has worked

    “if you look at the past with everything I’ve done conventionally versus no till, I’ve had failures with both but my failures in no till have cost me less. There can always be crop establishment risks whichever system you are running. Through not cultivating though I’ve really seen the impact, as on fields where I’ve previously ploughed and the fields have been uneven and full of clods, I now have a flat field.”

    Future aspiration for Will include honing the grassland management system, and building organic matter levels even more. He is also interested in reducing fertiliser levels.

    Lincs Farm gains Soil Farmer Award

    Our final walk was with Paul Davey who farms 1100 acres in Lincolnshire. Spanning a mix of soil types including clay, chalk, medium and wold series, he grows a range of arable crops, runs a sheep flock of 200 ewes and a regional distribution business for local produce. The business has evolved to its current form through a range of different practices and growing of different crops including potatoes, vining peas, and onions. The broad rotation on the farm is 2 years of ryegrass, a legume break, wheat, an oilseed break, wheat, spring barley and then back to ryegrass. This longer rotation and cropping blocks of land has allowed him to reduce overheads.

    The inclusion of livestock on this predominantly arable farm has been a key part of the strategy to be more resilient, sustainable and regenerative. The evening started with a presentation which explained the history of the farm and how they had decided to change the way they did things. He explains “What we’ve done hasn’t been a licence to print money, it’s been about trying to manage a ship in choppy seas. A key challenge has always been getting the equipment around the geography of the farm and get a margin at the end. So, we’ve always been on the lookout for changes to the system, but that involves finding a starting point.” 

    Within the logistical confines of the farmed area, Paul’s strategy is moving to lighter machinery and making gradual changes in terms of managing tillage and compaction. Having recently dug some soil pits and looked at rooting depths and soil structure, he has concluded that roots from the crop are capable of taking out compaction when you are travelling with lighter machinery. He has seen the impact of working with heavier machinery, as he remarks “two or three years later, you can see a wave across the field where the kit had been travelling.” He is comfortable with the use of extremely shallow cultivation to sort out any compaction that the roots can’t deal with. He is also keen on ensuring that tyre pressures are right for field conditions wherever possible (given the balance between travelling in the fields and between then on the roads). 

    Attentions were then drawn to the stripper header which is being used for the 6th season here on the farm. It is used for combining the ryegrass and allows the crop to be combined at the same rate as cereals, which allows for flexibility in tight weather windows, and it’s also perfect for linseed. Paul is experimenting with it to drill directly into standing stubble, maximising the soil armour. Paul comments “a key question for the future is how we manage crop residues and how to keep the carbon to nitrogen ratio high enough to deal with a large amount of residues.”

    Grasses are the building blocks of the system that is run at Girsby Grange, and Paul is a passionate advocate of the benefits that grass brings. “Regardless of how you manage it, whether it is through growing grass for seed or grazed share farming agreements, it provides a massive benefit and up to 40 tonnes of organic matter per hectare over a threeyear period. It’s an extremely valuable crop, with a big mass of rooting which brings life back to the soil, nothing works like roots do.” After visiting a field of grass grown for seed, the walk finished up in a field of beans, where a soil pit was dug. The soil looked very well structured with good levels of soil aggregation. The previous week, this field had experienced 125ml of rain in 48 hours, but there was no evidence of any ill effects. This field will be zero tilled into wheat once the beans are harvested.

    Paul is farming to improve the long term sustainability of his farm and a key part of that is farming for the rotation. He comments “it’s about taking a long term view, being flexible and brave and taking the risk. When you scratch the surface you can see the costs of our actions. Most farming practices seem to be fixing a problem by creating a different one, with this system of farming, there seems to be genuine solutions.” Three fantastic walks with three inspirational farmers that provided lots of ideas and knowledge for all who attended.

    If you are interested in applying for the competition this year or nominating someone that you feel deserves to be recognised, the competition will open on World Soils Day (December 5th) and more information can be found at www. farmcarbontoolkit.org.uk.

  • What’s in a Name?

    Welcome to the 5th Anniversary issue of Direct Driller / Normal Farming magazine. When we started the magazine, we really didn’t know what to call it. We knew it should focus on soil health, reduced cultivation, conservation agriculture (remember when it was called that), sustainability, efficiency and profitability. Lots of good words and I’d hope we have done well to sticking with those goals over the past 2000 pages of content. But that also gave us a lot of options for a title.

    No-Till farmer already existed in the USA – so that was out, as was TCS from France. We put about 20 options up on a white board. It’s fair to say that none really grabbed us, but one was Direct Driller. It referenced more the machinery than the practice and that was our main reasons for not loving it. Because, while the right machinery is critical, we have always believed that to change anything requires a mindset change first. “Mindset Magazine” though didn’t sound a lot like farming and also now exists. Zero-till, Reduced tiller, Zero tiller, Conservation Farming, Regen Farmer were all considered too but nothing grabbed us.

    When considering such creative questions, beer should be used to help come to a decision. It didn’t really help, in this instance, but as always made the process more enjoyable. After a couple of weeks, we settled on Direct Driller Magazine. We knew that most of the farmers who undertake this process will be using a direct drill of some sort, it seemed like common ground for all. The magazine was born.

    You will see from the front cover we have changed to “Normal Farming Magazine” for this issue. We aren’t changing the name permanently,
    mostly because this is an even worse title. However, we wanted to highlight just how much farming media and farming attitudes have changes over the past 5 years towards regenerative farming.

    We often say the reason we started the magazine was because we were told there was not room for a niche publication that only focused on
    regenerative agriculture. We were in a unique position to be able to break new ground and launch something without a solid business plan behind it. This was at a time when companies were saying the print media didn’t have a future and smaller publications were going to digital. Yet now all the mainstream printed magazines are now full of regenerative content. They are all pivoting fast to this new normal. ESG,
    sustainability, biodiversity and carbon credits are talked about everywhere.

    And this is our point behind the title. Regenerative farmers, like yourselves, have become trend setters, not followers. You are not outliers, those weird farmers who do things differently. You are now “normal”. I realise some of you are going to be quite disappointed by this new status, but I’m afraid it’s the truth. Those farmers who fight change are now seen as outliers, fighting for a past that clearly just doesn’t
    work without governmental financial support.

    They are now realising they have to change, although that change could also be to move even further away from conservation practices. An odd consequence of what the government is trying to do. Regenerative farming is becoming the new normal – although with a long journey and a lot of learning still required. This new normal means this magazine will keep growing and growing. We never thought it would get to the size it has, but we see no reason why it won’t eventually have more farmer readers than anyone else.

    Direct Driller magazine today, is the fastest growing agricultural magazine, created for and by farmers. Giving voices to those farmers who wanted to change and have not only changed their farms, but also influenced hundreds of other farmers to take steps that they would not have done without their support. This is something for regenerative farmers to be proud of. I wrote an article in Issue 14 about the 3.5% rule. We have seen this change in farming being driven by farmers themselves.

    By reading this magazine, by going to Groundswell (and now Down to Earth as well), we have created a change in overall farming attitudes. Now everyone is reading about regen ag, even if they don’t read this magazine. For just one issue – here is to being “normal”. Embrace it, tell your nonfarmer friends about it and profit from it.

    Thank you to everyone who has helped make this magazine what it is over the past 5 years. Raise your glass to the next 5 years over a Xmas drink with your family and friends.

    Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to all our readers.

  • Featured Farmer – Harry Heath

    Arable & Pig Producer – Newport Shropshire

    200ha Owned (Wheat / Barley / OSR / Sunflowers / Beans)

    350ha Contracting

    100 Sow Indoor/Outdoor Herd

    Our arable business has always traditionally been a poor relation to the livestock enterprise.  It has however dutifully had the important task of growing combinable crops to feed the hungry mouths of a 600 sow herd producing 17,000 pigs per year, at least this was the case till very recently.  Market volatility and spiralling input prices ultimately were the start of us questioning the status quo in 2021 and it didn’t take too long to realise that our business needed to head down a different path.

    Big changes have happened within the last few years, with the biggest being the exit from the indoor pig industry and the move to put agroecology at the centre of everything we do on the farm.

    Before the pigs were the dominant enterprise on the farm, the arable land was farmed intensively with a three course rotation of potatoes / sugar beet and wheat.  This, alongside a routine use of power harrowing and subsoiling took its toll in leaving our sandy soils prone to slumping and when tested scoring poorly in many other areas of soil health. 

    Our move to focusing on soil health started in 2018 with a change agronomist.  We are extremely lucky to have Ed Brown (Head of Agroecology for Hutchinsons) as our agronomist and I have no doubt in my mind that he has been pivotal to our business in challenging what and more importantly why we do things.  We were also kindly asked to be the national agroecology site for Hutchinsons as part of their Helix Farm network.  Undoubtedly this has assisted in us running trials to find out what works and more often than not what doesn’t work on our farm.  Trials and testing are now the cornerstone for how we make change whilst not exposing ourselves to additional risk. 

    One of the first changes was doing the thing that everyone told us not to do, which was to buy a new drill.  This was in my eyes a necessity, as we had no choice but step away from the combination drill if we ever hoped to start and build better soil structure.  We bought a demonstrator 750a and swiftly signed up to an operators course hosted by Simon Chiles.  Straight away this gave us confidence that was needed in such a radical change in how we established our crops.  The autumns of 2019 and 2020 allowed us to cut out teeth in less than ideal conditions, but the disappointment of slightly lower yields were eased by lower costs which kept margins at parity.  Nitrogen rates are starting to come back slowly (circa 20%) but it was only relatively recently that we brought legumes into the rotation and have now started to implement other tools such as foliar N and SAP Analysis to look at improving our efficiency further. 

    No one really can prepare you for the change in mindset required when going down the regenerative route.  From ignoring how the field looks after direct drilling to ignoring the itch of recreational tillage, it’s been a learning curve every step of the way. 

    Getting living roots in the ground for as much of the year as we can, feels right in line with all the other changes we’ve made.  We grazed our cover crops with sheep last year and we’ll look to repeat this again next spring.     It’s been our first season this autumn drilling everything directly into catch crops.  The biggest benefit to date is how well the ground walks even after the monstrous deluges of rain that we have had in previous weeks.  

    We are now three years into using untreated home saved wheat blends which seems to be assisting in lower fungicide usage as well as maximising genetic diversity within the crop.  Companion crops of buckwheat and clover are grown with the OSR and a further drive to look at how best to use bi and poly cropping will begin again in the spring. 

    Our nemesis on the farm is undoubtedly herbicide resistant ryegrass.  In a 5-6 year timeframe it has spread to a number of fields on the farm whilst we figured out transmission routes and resistance patterns.  Now we are taking a much more robust approach to the weed.  Firstly harvest hygiene is a number one priority with the combine being blown down with a compressor after every field.  A chaff lining kit has been fitted to the combine in an effort to reduce weed seed return on either side of the swath.  The one remaining change of the year will be to install a water treatment plant to clean up our borehole water and make it more suitable for spraying and biological amendments. 

    Our main investment this season has been the move away from the John Deere 750a to a Horsch Avatar.  We saw clear benefits from last year’s demonstrator with a heavier closing wheel, more flexibility of drilling multiple products and easier calibration.  The big move agronomically was to place liquid products down with the seed.  We bought a second hand Opico Nitro Jet front tank and bought the rest of the kit from Simon at S&K Sprayers.  With Johnson-Su bioreactors and vermicomposters in the shed, it has been great to make a start this year with placing these products down with the seed in furrow or as a seed drench.  The OSR went in a little later than we had planned this year (Circa 21st August) but the addition of liquid fertiliser, seaweed and liquid fish seemed to improve crop vigour compared to control plots without any.     

    Change has definitely brought about new opportunities for our farm in a way that I could never have anticipated.  The move to direct drilling has really helped us grow and expand our arable contracting by helping other local farmers focus on improving soil health.  

    From a previous life of out of hours breakdowns and alarms the initial prospect of being livestock free on the farm had an obvious appeal but the need for spreading risk and retaining a diversified income stream would always win out for us especially with modern livestock buildings with few options for alternative use.  We made our decision to move from intensive to extensive production.

    One thing that always struck me as odd with our previous pig enterprise was that meat eating quality was barely given a second thought.  It was always increasing growth rates, reducing  feed conversion or improving breeding performance but never actually the thing that ultimately mattered, what the consumer thought when eating what you produced.  We were very lucky to meet a chef in London who also shared this same thinking and it didn’t take long to form a joint venture and make plans on how to take the pigs forward in the future.  For now this venture is in its infancy but it will be great to see how we can best integrate the pigs with the arable so that both enterprises benefit from each other. 

    5-7-2022 ©Tim Scrivener Photographer – 07850 303986 ….Covering Agriculture In The UK…. July, 2022, Helix Agroecology

    Like so many readers of this magazine I’m always pleased to see it land on the doormat.  This inevitably leads to me pouring over its pages for the following few weeks when chance allows.  I’m continually inspired by how many other growers are reducing their reliance on inputs, focusing on profit over yield and showing how regenerative farming can be a sustainable lower risk model for farmers to adopt. 

    With some many other changes on the horizon such as ELMS, carbon and biodiversity trading and the full effects of Brexit and trade deals yet still to be felt I feel we are as aligned as well as we can be for challenges that lay ahead.  

  • The curious case of disappearing nitrogen

    Written by James Warne from Soil First Farming

    It seems everyone is doing ‘regen’ these days.   There is a lot of confusion and miscommunication around what it means.  I was at a meeting recently where I heard someone proclaim that their arable business was carbon neutral even though they were still ploughing, combi-drilling and using an average of 230 kg/ha of nitrogen every year.   I wondered which of the many carbon calculators threw out that spurious result, or the quality of the data fed into it?

    Whilst on the subject of nitrogen, there is lot of talk amongst farmers and growers over simply reducing nitrogen rates.    Every grower on social media is now growing record yields of wheat with zero inputs.    It’s the latest form of alchemy, reduce inputs and conjure up something for nothing, it’s origins probably stem from Trussonomics.

    But is it possible to reduce nitrogen by 80% and maintain output?   Can you really grow 10 tonnes/ha wheat crop with only 40kg of applied nitrogen? 

    Research suggests the total nitrogen requirement for a wheat crop is somewhere between 280-360 kg/ha. That is for all the biomass of the crop, above and below ground.    A 10 tonne crop of 11% protein wheat removes 190kg N alone.    If we are reducing the total applied nitrogen, where is the balance going to come from?

    If we consider the nitrogen cycle (below) for a moment it is clear that aside from inputs there are only three other sources of nitrogen the plant can rely on;

    1, Biological fixation

    2, Deposition from the atmosphere, mainly rainfall

    3, Mineralisation from Soil Organic Matter (SOM)

    (reproduced from Crop Nutrition & Fertiliser Use, John Archer, 1985)

    Biological fixation and atmospheric deposition combined may contribute anywhere between 0-40 kg nitrogen per hectare per year.   Biological fixation is carried out by soil-dwelling, free-living, nitrogen fixing bacteria, such as species of Azotobacter & Bacillus. These free-living bacteria are not to be confused with the symbiotic species (Rhizobium) that associate with legumes.

    As with all biological functions the bacteria need water, temperature, oxygen, carbon and a suitable pH in which to thrive.   Remove, or reduce, any one of these requirements and they will stop reproducing and go dormant.  

    Mineralisation of SOM is also a biological function and as such has the same requirements given above.   The potential nitrogen contribution from a typical arable mineral soil with low organic matter maybe as much as 50kg/ha in a good season, but it depends upon rainfall!    Organic soils and those high in SOM maybe able to release more than 200kg per hectare of nitrogen.  

    However, having a good biologically active soil is only part of the story, the crop still needs to be able to access and utilise the nitrogen with high efficiency.   This relies upon soil structure and crop rooting to explore the soil reserves.  Good crop nutrition, especially access to magnesium to allow maximum solar radiation interception, and sulphur to fully express amino acid and protein synthesis. 

    Steve and I have been conducting our own trials, on-farm, and independently, over several years now and we have no doubts that it is possible to reduce the total nitrogen applied, increase nitrogen utilisation considerably and maintain yield.  It is important to stress however that it can only be achieved in some very specific circumstances.   If you are on a path of raising carbon levels in your soil it seems natural you may want to cut back on your nitrogen inputs, but this may not always be the most logical thing to do.

  • How Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) is delivering alternative farm funding

    With the farming landscape in the UK changing so dramatically in recent years, leaving many generational farmers facing reduced financial support as well as increased costs, the pressure is really on over how to make land generate a return.

    Many farmers today are facing the stark reality of dwindling subsidies, so it’s never been more urgent for farmers and landowners to explore securing long-term methods of creating diversified and sustainable income streams to safeguard their future.

    Understanding what is involved in new schemes in practical terms can be challenging and there are many questions around how land used for natural capital projects will impact on a farmer’s core business. This is where Environment Bank can help.

    What is Environment Bank?

    Environment Bank was established in 2006 and was the first business of its kind in the world to launch Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) Units. Founded by UK ecologist Professor David Hill CBE, Environment Bank developed a concept where biodiversity net gain (BNG) would ensure land used by developers for building and infrastructure projects would help leave the environment in a better state than before the development began, by providing net gains to biodiversity to meet their legal requirements.

    BNG became a mandatory legal requirement in 2021 under The Environment Act, which David lobbied hard to secure in law over a 15-year period. Since then, Environment Bank was awarded £200m in private sustainable investment funding to begin establishing a nationwide network of Habitat Banks (parcels of land) totalling over 4,000 hectares across England that deliver BNG Units.

    What is a Habitat Bank?

    Environment Bank actively began establishing its Habitat Banks across England in 2021, which is essentially securing a parcel of land that creates a significant uplift in biodiversity. Typically they are created on low-yielding land upwards of 10 hectares in size and can be made up of species-rich grassland, woodland, wetland, mixed scrub or rewilding sites. They provide a secure and long-term income to landowners and a biologically diverse haven for nature, leasing land throughout England to the Environment Bank to create biodiverse habitats that help restore nature, selling the ‘BNG Units’, back to developers. 

    Ensuring the Habitat Banks don’t impact national farming requirements, Environment Bank looks to utilise the marginal or low yielding land with the Environment Bank only taking a lease interest in the land, so the landowner retains ownership.

    Environment Bank can then raise BNG Units on biodiversity uplift which they can use to help organisations meet their biodiversity net gain requirements, removing all risk and long-term liability from the landowner.

    Since launching its award-winning Habitat Bank scheme last year, Environment Bank has seen enquiries soar, with over 60 new sites expected to be established in 2023. It is partnering with farmers and landowners – including Tim Easby from Oak Stile Farm, North Yorkshire, and Toby Diggens, from Puddington Moor Farm, Devon – establishing Habitat Banks on their land through its privately funded management scheme that guarantees an income for 30 years.

    What type of land is required for a Habitat Bank?

    All types of land are considered for Habitat Banks including currently unproductive areas, old pasture and scrubland as well as under-performing arable land. This is across the acreage on parcels of land upwards of 10 hectares in size and doesn’t have to be in one block.

    The ecologists work with landowners to establish habitats that work best for their land operations, and which creates the best outcomes for nature in their location. They won’t change the entire face of your farm, they will simply help support the replacement of your existing EU farm subsidies as an alternative use of small parcels of land. 

    How Habitat Banks benefit farmers

    A crucial benefit is that farmers retain ownership of the land. A management plan, contracted to and delivered by the landholder, is tailored to suit the existing land management strategy and sources of funding, as well as ensuring the most tax-efficient solution. Environment Bank pays up to £27,000 per hectare over a 30 year period for the management and lease of the land, as well as a generous welcome bonus.

    Being fully funded, Environment Bank typically arranges the lease and management payments within 20 weeks of registration, and covers all costs for establishing and managing the Habitat Banks, extending to legal and tax advice where appropriate. It has a ready-made solution, so unlike brokerage models, farmers do not have to manage the complex implementation process or take any of the risk of the scheme failing. All of that sits with Environment Bank.

    Farmers receive an on-boarding fee, their first year’s rent upfront, and then annual payments which increase with inflation for the 30-year term.

    The goal of Environment Bank is to establish a network of Habitat Banks in every area of England to restore biodiversity and help farmers achieve this all whilst protecting their assets, making it a win-win situation for hard-pressed farmers.

    There are many benefits to the scheme. It is uniquely designed to fit within existing farm enterprises including the production of food, tourism enterprises and other business streams, as well as alongside the government’s new Sustainable Farming Initiatives (SFI).

    The management schedule on a Habitat Bank

    How the land is managed depends on the management plan agreed with the landowner and how the Habitat Bank will work alongside other farm enterprises. It will be monitored regularly by ecologists at Environment Bank, and the progress reported back annually to the local planning authority or responsible body as part of their BNG obligations.

    For grassland, for example, each year, the fields will be closed off during flowering season and the land keeper can take a hay cut once wild flowers have bloomed. In the autumn, the ground can be used for grazing, before livestock come back off the land again in March to allow the flora and fauna to bloom again, attracting rare species including birds and insects.

    Native shrubs are often planted around the perimeters of the grasslands and livestock fenced out from the area to allow new shrubs to grow. Once established, the fencing will come down and the livestock can graze in the open habitats. Ecologists may put in ponds and wet scrapes if required to attract bird species such as endangered curlew and lapwing to breed and encourage more rare species of wildlife.

    The land is managed in this way by the landowner – or generations of landowner – over a minimum 30 year period to allow for a fully biodiverse habitat to be established.

    What do landowners involved in the scheme think?

    Speaking of the establishment of a Habitat Bank at Oak Stile Farm, North Yorkshire, Tim Easby said: “We are delighted that Oak Stile Farm is hosting a Habitat Bank so that we can do our bit to enhance local biodiversity.

    “We took ownership of this former dairy farm over 20 years ago and have begun to enhance areas for wildlife with sections of woodland planting and new hedgerows. We have always wanted to do more and Environment Bank’s Habitat Bank scheme allows us to enhance large areas of our grasslands for wildlife at a scale we couldn’t do before in a financially sustainable way.”

    Many landowners and farmers are signing up to the scheme, and there is none more passionate about the benefits of Habitat Bank creation than one of the first farmer’s to sign up to the programme, Toby Diggens from Puddington Moor Farm.

    “Being involved in such a ground-breaking project was important to me, as it’s one of the ways we can contribute to restoring nature and help reverse the environmental crisis,” he said.

    “There are so many benefits to protecting wildlife and nature fundamentally, but this partnership also allows us to guarantee an income for the next 30 years on land which we would have to conventionally farm very hard to see any profit.”

    To find out more about biodiversity net gain and Habitat Bank creation options for your land, please call our team on 01904 202 990 or visit www.environmentbank.com.

  • Farmer Focus – Rob Raven

    January 2023

    After a very easy and early harvest, followed by a few stressful weeks of unbelievably dry conditions when most drilling and land work was impossible, we finally had the autumn we had all been waiting for. For us the rain fell little and often from mid-September until the beginning of November, when the heavens opened. By then we had comfortably drilled a larger than usual spread of winter crops in pretty much ideal conditions. Casualties have been cover crops and early oilseed rape on heavy land, both of which we chose to plant a reduced area due to the drought in August and early September.

    On a lighter block of land we did catch a single shower in late July, which allowed us to very quickly plant some cover crops after winter barley. These really suffered through August and early September, but they survived, and with such beautiful growing conditions in October they are now looking good, if a little brassica-heavy. The balmy autumn also allowed us to continue grazing marshes until 1st December, and leave the cover crops more time to bulk up. In September I was seriously concerned about how we would keep the livestock fed through winter, but the situation is now looking a lot more relaxed.

    Avatar Drilled WW

    Long-term DD land has coped with the wet November very well and walks clean and firm. Any land that had been moved is now very soft indeed. Unfortunately, the dry autumn means there was very little chit pre-drilling, even by late October. Pre-em effectiveness has no doubt been compromised as well, so it does not look like the cleanest year. There was also no mole draining, as I felt the clay subsoil was not moist enough to hold a mole. However, we used the dry conditions to get some low disturbance subsoiling done on land which had historic compaction, which I hope will pay dividends.

    I am a bit agnostic about the LD subsoiler. Last year we made one and used it to great effect on some “new” land which had been previously worked to death by a TopDown at 8” every year and was yielding very poorly. The top 8” were solid and airless like concrete, below that it was lovely. We used the LD subsoiler at 10”, then planted with a direct tine drill and had some fantastic crops, and have been able to DD the same land this year into lovely structure. So I think it is a great tool for the right situation, and particularly for land in conversion. 

    cover crop and roots

    The success with the LD subsoiler was too great to ignore, so I have used it this autumn for some trial areas on long-term DD land which is yielding OK, but has plateaued somewhat. I really hope the trials do not prove to embarrass the untouched land, or it is going to really mess with my convictions (and my status at Direct Driller!), but I do think it is correct to constantly challenge everything, especially our own ideas. Ask me next summer how it went. I am generally pleased with my DD winter cropping, and spring beans seem to do well, but no-till spring barley does seem to underperform when the conditions are against it. I am in charge of some land which was in the last year of a sugarbeet contract, so we planted some spring barley into cultivated land after beet this year. 

    I have to admit it outperformed the DD stuff by a large margin, despite being on light land in a super dry year. Again, this is too much to ignore when barley is £275/ton! I have now stopped growing sugarbeet everywhere- even at £40/t I can’t bear the long-term soil damage I have seen from the heavy machinery in the middle of winter. But I do want to make spring barley perform consistently and talking to other DD’ers I am not the only one who finds this crop a particular challenge. So as a (fairly large) trial, we have broadcast cover crops and incorporated them with a shallow cultivation at about 3”, leaving a rough and slightly corrugated seedbed, with cover crop growing out of it. 

    I hope these corrugations will weather down over winter and give us some tilth to drill spring barley in to, rather than the rather flat, solid and cold surface we were getting from no-till cover crops. On one block we achieved this “cultivation” with a drill fitted with wide Bourghault VOS points, set deeper than normal and the harrow removed. On another we used a set of discs, and on another a TopDown. Again I will let you know how it goes.

    For a Direct Driller article, this column seems to contain a lot of talk about cultivation. My viewpoint has not changed and I have no intention of moving away from my low-disturbance farming and all the benefits it has brought. However I feel confident that biologically active soils with cover crops could cope with very occasional interventions such as those described above without a great deal of injury, quickly rebuilding the connections lost and filling the space created with living root. And if this slight modification to 100% DD does significantly improve yield for the same crop inputs, without messing up the land, then I for one need to know about it. Tin hat on!

    Food vs Feed

    Everyone reading this magazine is likely to be aware of the enormous environmental (and dare I say health?) benefits of pasture-fed meat. I am lucky enough to produce, sell and consume some of it myself, and do it with the greatest of pride and pleasure. However, we also know that in contrast, the vast majority of the world’s beef is produced by feeding grains to cattle in enormous concentrated feedlots, with a huge cost to the climate and environment (and again health?). I am firmly of the belief that farmers should grow whatever they like. 

    However, anyone claiming that their farming system can help save the world through GHG reduction and carbon sequestration should be ready for a bit of scrutiny over the downstream effects of their production- particularly if they are hoping to get paid for such climate friendly farming. It would be quite possible to be a direct driller and to produce 100% feed grains, and for all the carbon saved and sequestered on farm to be belched back in to the atmosphere on the feedlot. With this in mind, and with my conscience pricked by this thorny issue as I get old and soft, I have given myself a personal challenge to grow crops for human consumption as far as possible.

    Wheat: As for wheat, we are not on classic milling wheat land, and the extra Nitrogen required to hit the required protein would run counter to our goal of reduced inputs, so full spec bread wheat is out. Instead I have been growing a combination of low-protein milling varieties and Group 4 soft wheats which have gone for human consumption with a small premium over feed, at no extra cost to us. We have also sold some high grain quality feed varieties into a niche market for malted grains.

    Barley: Spring malting barley on heavy land is now much easier to achieve thanks to some great varieties and some high N contracts. Winter malting barley is more of a challenge, due mostly to problems controlling wheat volunteers in a no-till scenario. We are persevering and this year after a very shallow discing of wheat stubbles, followed by patience, glyphosate, and finally ULD disc drilled Flagon, we have some clean looking barley.

    OSR is pretty straightforward.

    Beans are a struggle due to Bruchid beetle. We don’t use insecticide to try to control it, and past experience suggests it doesn’t work anyway. The cosmetic damage the beetles cause make the beans unsaleable for human consumption and consequently downgraded to feed, even though they are perfectly fine to eat. I don’t have a solution for this, and as beans are an essential part of the rotation I will have to press on in the hope that one day consumers will want beans with holes in them, as a mark of their true regen heritage. In the meantime, any feed beans we produce are seriously low input, great for the soil and the invertebrate population, and they do at least displace soya, which must have a higher environmental footprint.

    Frosty OSR
    Bourghault VOS Beans

    Specialist crops: we grow a variety of specialist crops such as linseed, lupins, lentils, and peas for direct sale to some fantastic customers. All of them have had some good results, but consistency is difficult (the dull 2021 harvest meant the lentils never ripened for example), and storage and handling of small volumes is always an issue. However I do much prefer growing for a particular end market which values the provenance of the product, and it is always an interesting challenge to grow something a little out of the ordinary! I hope by continuing to support these markets they will grow, and allow these crops to fill a more significant part of the rotation.

  • From the Sea to the Soil

    Inspired by history for the future of farming

    Using fish in arable farming is not a new phenomenon. The practice can be traced back to the ancient Roman empire on this side of the Atlantic, and there are stories of Native Americans showing the Pilgrims how to grow corn by planting a fish with each seed. It may have all started as a happy coincidence when farmers observed that plants performed better when decomposing fish were left near them, but thanks to science and research, we now have a good understanding of how fish material positively affects crops and the soils that support them. Mindful of the Farm to Fork Strategy in Europe which is looking for a 20% decrease in the use of chemical fertilisers by 2030, Dr Geraldine Fox and the team at Pelagia has developed the UKs first liquid fish hydrolysate approved by Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA) for use as an organic soil improver which is also approved as an input to organic farming systems by the Soil Association. Sea2Soil revives a traditional farming method that time has forgotten, one which aligns with the path of regenerative farming.

    Pelagia has an over 100-year history of utilising fish and fish by-products from human consumption processing to produce valuable and highly nutritious feed materials. Long before circular economy waste management and waste valorisation became buzz words, Pelagia has been recycling 100% of fish waste to produce economically important products.

    In 2019, our processing plant in Bressay on the Shetland Isles expanded its operations and obtained a licence to utilise the by-products from Scottish salmon farms with the aim of zero waste from this industry. Here in the UK, this type of product would ordinarily have gone into anaerobic digestion as a feedstock where the beneficial nutrients and characteristics of the hydrolysate are somewhat diluted by other stock materials. Our goal is to retain the integrity of the rich source of essential amino acids, fats, macro- and micronutrients contained in the hydrolysate and offer it in as pure a form as possible that can be easily incorporated into many formulations.

    Sea2Soil acts by feeding your soil bacteria, in turn converting the macro and micro-nutrients contained into a form that is more readily available to the plants. We have evidence that Sea2Soil, which is naturally high in fat, promotes the growth of fungi, which are hugely important in soil root systems, performing important functions within the soil in relation to nutrient cycling, disease suppression and water dynamics. The improved microbial populations also feed secondary and higher-level consumers like protozoa, nematodes, and earthworms, which work to improve soil structure by aerating the soil leading to better root development and reduction in abiotic stress. These macro-organisms also contribute to improved nutrient availability within the soil through excretion providing additional bioavailable nutrients to the growing plant.

    For the past 3 years we have been refining our process to produce an  organic soil improver that is affordable, delivers on yield responses, reduces reliance on chemical inputs and is farmer friendly. We have resisted the temptation to call it a fertiliser, because it is so much more than that. We see it as a prebiotic for your soil leading to:

    • A healthier soil environment;
    • Increased crop health;
    • Reduced reliance on chemical fertilisers; and
    • Promotion of a regenerative ecosystem, where the environment and its living populations can renew and recover from damage and stress.

    Farm trials began in 2020 across various locations within the UK and on various crop types such as wheat, barley, oilseed rape, oats and beans. The aim was to identify how and if yield performance was affected and to identify any areas of further product development. We found that yield was either maintained or showed an increase, but what the results highlighted was that return on investment was higher, due to the reduction of chemical inputs. We continue to develop this knowledge portfolio testing its effects in vineyards, orchards and Christmas tree farms as well collaborating with various research groups.

    Paul Davey runs Girsby Farm Services, a progressive agricultural contractor with a commitment to providing high quality crop production services to customers with interests in conservation and regenerative agriculture, and has been using Sea2Soil on his land in Lincolnshire.

    Paul has seen first hand the positive effects of our product: “The dry conditions this last spring and summer presented challenges in a number of different crops, especially maintaining plant nutrition and managing the associated stresses. There were visible benefits for maintaining growth in the herbal ley established in May which received a 10 lt/ha of Sea2Soil application through fertiliser streamer nozzles in June. This application stimulated a good deal of growth within three weeks in a very dry time. Two applications of 10 lt/ha of Sea2Soil on the spring beans during the same dry spell improved the canopy growth of the beans and removed the chlorotic symptoms of stress, significantly improving the verdancy of the plants.”

    Looking back not even a hundred years, it’s easy to see how rapidly the industry has favoured chemical enhancement over natural counterparts – a change which we all know can be put down to countless societal and industry-specific pressures. None of us knew it at the time, but introducing chemicals was a case of solving one issue while causing many others, including topsoil erosion and the destruction of soil health which in turn has been detrimental to our crops. Sea2Soil can positively contribute to the recovery of soil health, by improving soil biology and soil microbial populations, hastening the restoration of our topsoil and improving overall plant health.

  • Sap analysis proving valuable for large, diverse farming business

    In the final part of our series on sap analysis, Mike Abram talks to a farming business that’s incorporated sap analysis into a wide range of cropping

    Extensive sap analysis, first in trials, but increasingly in commercial practice is starting to change the way Cambs Farms Growers, part of G’s Growers, is managing its wide range of cropping.

    Farming around 4000ha of land at the home farm in Cambridgeshire the business grows Little Gem and Iceberg lettuces, celery, potatoes, onions, wheat, barley and maize for anaerobic digestion.

    A key target for the business is to reduce its use of inputs without sacrificing yield, says Harry Winslet, Future Farming Manager for CFG. His team conducts trials looking at how to reduce fertiliser and pesticide inputs, as well as how to implement other regenerative agriculture practices with the help of Ian Robertson from Sustainable Soil Management and RegenBen’s Ben Taylor-Davies. Successful practices are then rolled out and scaled up into commercial production.

    Onions collected in the field for sampling before old leaves and young leaves are separated and bagged.

    “We are essentially an in-house research group,” says Mr Winslet.

    To meet that business objective of reducing inputs, Mr Winslet says he needed to better understand what was going on in the crop. That’s where sap analysis came in – starting with sending old and new leaf samples to NovaCropControl in 2019.

    “What we were hoping to achieve was not necessarily the fine detail about every nutrient and every sample but understand what the broad challenges on the farm were.

    “Do we have excesses in one nutrient or deficiencies consistently in another, to begin to understand what the whole farm trends were, and then to try and correlate that to crops that are growing well, tasting good with good shelf life, or to crops that are not performing well, or have pest and disease challenges,” he explains.

    After four years of an extensive programme of sap analysis sampling the business has now identified nutrient markers for each of the crops that drive either good or poor performance, Mr Winslet says.

    “So now when we get a sap test back, we are able to home in on those markers.”

    Most growers using sap analysis will understand excessively high ammonium is a marker for likely pest attack, and high nitrate content leaves crops at risk from disease, but the research by CFG has found high potassium is a marker for poor crop performance in celery, while excessively low phosphate generally is challenging early in salad crops.

    Crops are tested fortnightly typically. For lettuce and celery that means three to four times during the growing period, while wheats are measured from the autumn through to senescence. A lot of the samples are for trials purposes, but representative samples from different varieties and soil types are used in commercial crops.

    “This year we took over 1000 samples for sap analysis, at a cost of around €12.50 per sample.”

    Sampled onions (from 2021) before being shipped to Novacrop from two fields with different drip (fertiliser) treatments.

    That investment is paying off, Mr Winslet says. “We wholeheartedly believe in the results we are getting and the changes we are able to make off the back of them. The data we have collected over the past four season has allowed us to identify some of our challenges and make significant changes to our agronomy to try to tackle them.

    “With size of the business, if we can make significant reductions in fertiliser or improvements in yield, or preferably both, the return on investment is huge.”

    For example, in wheat, sap analysis is providing the evidence to make significant changes to micronutrient applications.

    “Across the farm, we were consistently finding that we are probably over applying manganese and under applying others like boron, zinc and copper.”

    As a result, the whole farm practice changed from applying 3kg/ha of manganese and 3kg/ha of magnesium every three weeks during the spring to tank mixtures containing copper, boron, zinc with higher rates of magnesium and lower rates of manganese. Chelators such as fulvic acid were also added to try and improve the uptake of those nutrients.

    “We saw a really positive yield in our wheat crops this year. That’s not necessarily directly linked to those changes but later in the crop we saw significantly more balanced sap and tissue tests than before we made those interventions.”

    CFG’s first potato field routinely tested and nutrient applications made based on analyses, from 2022.

    Visual observations during the season on a trial area not treated with any fungicide until flag leaf suggested the crop was also free from disease, but, in a dry season, Mr Winslet says it is difficult to draw any immediate conclusions on whether the balanced nutrition was a factor.

    “The hope is that we will be able to reduce our fungicide inputs.”

    His team is now developing an automated Excel application that will generate a bespoke nutrient tank mix for the farm to apply from the sap analysis results and the crop’s current biomass.

    The biggest challenge CFG has faced, in common with other trying to use sap analysis, is the inconsistent delivery to NovaCropControl’s laboratories in the Netherlands.

    Prior to the new customs rules for exports from the UK began in January 2021, Mr Winslet says he was able to send leaf samples to NovaCropControl on a Wednesday and receive results on a Friday.

    “Now there doesn’t seem to be any rhyme or reason to when parcels get to the Netherlands – we’ve had samples that get there the following day, and then others that have taken two weeks.”

    That kind of delay makes trusting the data, especially around nitrogen, more difficult, he admits, which potentially could hamper some of the decision-making in key crops and the business aim to pull back on applying artificial nitrogen.

    “For example, in celery we are pretty convinced that one of the issues surrounding quality and shelf life is over application of late nitrogen.

    “But if you have a sample that has sat in customs for two weeks and you’re trying to interpret a total nitrogen versus nitrate reading, how sure of that result can you be?”

    When the sap analysis results have been timely, the business has been using them to help improve nitrogen use efficiency in the celery crop, he says, finding it is important to have an ample supply of sulphur and magnesium in the crop, alongside a steady supply of nitrogen to build biomass.

    “If we can ensure that more often than not, we find we have a very successful celery crop.

    “What we are ultimately aiming to do is to reduce our nitrogen inputs based on the results of the sap analysis.”

    Experience and visual observation are helping them deliver some of that nitrogen saving, but timely sap analysis results would make decision-making easier and give extra confidence, he says.

    One big change the business is making is to switch from ammonium nitrate to injecting liquid urea on 80% of the celery crop.

    “Moving away from ammonium nitrate is a big part of our future farming agenda. We would rather not use it because of the negative impacts on the very biology we are trying to build in our soils.

    “But we didn’t want to do that at the expense of the crop having the uptake of nitrogen it needed.”

    Sap analyses and biomass assessments comparing the two have shown no difference in uptake, and given the confidence to make the switch starting next season, he says. “The hope is the other salad crops will follow once we have built up the same confidence.”

    Ultimately, Mr Winslet is hoping the entire group adopts the sap testing strategy on farm, both on the UK farms and their farms in other parts of the world.

    Example NCC – This is an example output that we receive back from Novacrop, in this case a wheat field from June 2022. 

    “On our farm, it is initially about validating the trends we are seeing, and become better at analysing the results, and either applying or not applying nutrition as a result.

    “We’ve already starting to move away from being a farm that is largely applying bulk macronutrition NPK products to one applying small amounts of micronutrition.

    “The hope is we will get better at that and build the confidence to apply less and less nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers and balance our crop health to the point we can cut pesticide use because the crops are nutritionally balanced,” he concludes.

  • Arable Soil Farmer of the Year – A farm walk with David Miller

    Written by Emma Adams on behalf of The Farm Carbon Toolkit

    The second in our series of farm walks was with David Miller in Hampshire. This year’s Arable Soil Farmer of the Year, David is keen to demonstrate how a regenerative system can be both simple and profitable even on challenging soils. Managing 700ha of majority Grade 3 land in a purely arable rotation, David focuses on four of the main pillars of regenerative farming – keeping the soil covered, diversifying the rotation, maintaining a living root and minimising soil movement – proving a regenerative system without livestock. David Miller, this year’s Arable Soil Farmer of the Year discusses his farming system – guiding the group through his approach to a direct drilled arable system utilising cover crops to build soil health and reduce the reliance on inputs.

    The 700ha farm has been managed under a regenerative system for the previous 7 years, focusing on minimising tillage and incorporating diverse cover crops into the rotation. The move was triggered by rising input costs without the reciprocal rise in expected yield – a change of system was needed to improve profitability and farm resilience. David explains, “The overriding ambition is for our soils to be much more biologically active and more resilient. Resilience can be defined as, being able to function and produce a healthy crop with minimal interference, either mechanical or chemical and to continue to do this year after year”. 

    Initially cautious to make the transition, due to the perceived cost of a system focusing on the soil, David conducted a series of trials over a 5 year period; following this the investment was made for a no-till drill to maximise the benefits of the cover crops within the rotation. With the farm located around 600 ft above sea level and containing large quantities of flint, the soil David manages is challenging from many perspectives. Moving to the no-till system has seen vast improvements to the fixed costs of the farm, “We have much less depreciation on machinery and save a lot of diesel compared to our previous practices.” David reveals that prior to their transition when conventionally farming they averaged 85 litres/ha of diesel for the whole year compared to only 50 litres/ha now. 

    The current system also means there is a lower staffing requirement, with the 700ha farm only having one full time member of staff supported by two part-time workers to assist with spraying and harvesting. Reducing inputs has been a key focus of David’s throughout the journey so far. Historically DAP (diammonium phosphate) has been used to establish crops alongside applications of potassium however now with the cover crop system in place this is deemed no longer necessary, “the harder you push a farm conventionally with high inputs the harder it is to come back” – David suggests. 

    Inputs were steadily reduced over time as the system came into balance, he explains “The cycling phosphate and potassium was actually at a deficit for a few years as it was tied up in our cover crops. Over time this system has equalised and now we are self-sufficient, cover crops mine the nutrients that were once unavailable within soil that we need for the arable system”. The farm has had no phosphate or potassium fertiliser for 7 years and has reduced nitrogen fertiliser by 25%, when explaining how he has achieved this he states, “We have adopted a nitrogen dose reduction strategy alongside making cropping changes (spelt wheat or spring milling wheat rather than winter wheat) whilst lowering chemical costs through a more targeted approach combined with a more flexible risk strategy – we put less money at risk in each crop and therefore we are able to budget for lower yields and margin is our driver.” 

    David is a believer of testing theories and trialling ideas on the farm, a fertiliser rate trial demonstrated that up to half of the total nitrogen applied was used to produce the last tonne of yield (9 tonnes to 10 tonnes/ha) – “We are trying to get a consistent yield from a consistent application of fertiliser, if we can understand what’s going on in the soil a little bit more we are likely to be able to reduce our synthetic fertiliser even more. Reducing the spray program has also made great savings from both an input and fuel perspective. Insecticides are rarely used on the farm despite the large OSR acreage, instead relying on providing habitats for invertebrate species and beneficial predators to deliver pest control. 

    This has been encouraged by establishing 4 metre margins around all the fields with indigenous species such as mayweed, speedwell and wild carrot which historically would have been considered arable weeds, but provide the habitat to encourage the species within their own local ecosystem. David describes this thinking, “A healthy, active soil is just one component of a healthy, active environment – getting the biological balance in the soil requires, or results in, getting a balance of invertebrates, predators, beneficials and pests”. 

    An example of this promotion of beneficials and biological influence on the cropping system is the companion crops used during establishment of the oilseed rape, David explains, “We try and keep the companions in for as long as we can to help with the mycorrhizal fungi but we avoid having them in the crop at harvest as it can make combining tricky – the species we choose are either not tolerant to the frost or can usually be taken out with the normal herbicide program.” Establishing the crop using this system has meant no insecticide has been used in 4 years, with no requirement for starter fertiliser, “The seed and companion crop are about £30 per hectare, so if we loose a little bit it is not the end of the world – we’ve given up trying to keep a bad crop of rape”.

    Having moved away into a no-till drilling system has itself presented new challenges with crop establishment as David tells the group “As we no longer apply fertiliser at drilling and have very little mineralisation of nitrogen through cultivation establishment can be much slower. However, once crops are established they seem far more resilient and having had a dig they have a far more developed root architecture than in our previous system.” The rooting patterns now achieved on the farm also provide the crops with a better foundation during tricky weather, with David observing that in particular the wheat can now stand longer periods of drought. 

    Growing crops such as the spelt can leave a lot of straw residue behind after harvest, David explains that a proportion of the straw will be baled but the majority is chopped and left to biology to disperse, “If we are confident that we have a good worm population that helps with the straw management following harvest as they take it down into the soil and decompose it.” When discussing cover crop choice and management David has a key strategy, “The cover crops which are deemed to be the ‘best’ are those with big top growth and leafy canopies. I however am interested in what’s going on below ground – big cover crops with a lot of above ground biomass use a lot of the available nitrogen in the soil and we don’t tend to see the same benefit to the following crops”. David blends his own cover crop mixtures from straights, aiming to spend approximately £30/ha on the seed.

    A field of oilseed rape established with an in-row companion crop of buckwheat, phacelia and vetch. David discusses his thinking in choosing cover crop combinations, “We used to have a lot of radish in the covers in the early days, we found this led to finding a massive amount of slugs. So we therefore decided to remove brassicas from the mixes for a few years, we are now just starting to put a couple back into the mix as they seem to dominate very quickly.” Crops are established either using a Horizon DSX drill or on occasion a Horsch C04 if there is a large quantity of straw when drilling cover crops. 

    In regards to establishing the following crop after the cover David describes his approach, “If we get a chance in the winter with a hard enough frost we will come out with a set of cambridge rolls to start to terminate some of the leafier covers, but eventually we will use a low rate of glyphosate (2-3 litres of 360g) before we drill in the spring”. David explains his thinking behind an overwinter cover crop of sunflowers, phacelia, buckwheat, gold of pleasure, radish and vetch before planting spring wheat for milling. David maintains flexibility within the system by not having a set rotation and also using environmental stewardship options to aid tricker areas of ground, he explains “I would say that our soil structure is improving across most of the farm – some heavier fields which have been more reluctant to accept no-till have been included in our stewardship scheme and planted with AB15 or a 2-year legume mix. Also, active clovers in place for 2 years have formed very strong tap roots and improved the soil structure a lot.”

    Since converting from a high-input, conventional system there has been many notable changes in the quality and condition of the soil, David explains “It has probably taken 4 or 5 years, but the soils are now visibly more friable and better structured – this is underpinned by the old and living roots as well as the many worm channels. Observational changes can happen in the first couple of years but the quantifiable changes become far more apparent after around 5.” 

    David is keen on assessing the land through many different approaches to measure the resilience and functionality of the soil, he says “Slake tests are showing soils are less fragile and hold together better when we get heavy rain, this is seen in the fields as our infiltration rates have definitely increased and the fields are much cleaner following downpours.” David is also a strategic farm for the AHDB where he looks to be able to quantify some of the anecdotal theories in partnership with NIAB, increasing the confidence in the practices for other farmers considering converting, “The regenerative system is such a long-term journey it is sometimes difficult to know what to try and measure, let alone how”. 

    In particular being able to understand the best approach to lessening the usage of fungicides and nitrogen alongside the impact healthy soils has upon the nutritional density of the food produced. The 2023 Soil Farmer of the Year competition launches on the 5th of December 2022. Established in 2015, the competition run by the Farm Carbon Toolkit helps find, promote and champion UK farmers who are passionate about their soils. With awards presented annually at Groundswell Agricultural Show, the competition is widely recognised within the industry and beyond as a fantastic platform for farmers to share their knowledge and experience. If you are interested in entering the competition or would like to read further articles about previous winners please visit the Farm Carbon Toolkit website.

    The group in a field which has been direct drilled for 9 years, it is now planted with Extase winter wheat following a previous crop of beans. The wheat was established by straw raking the bean stubble and then drilling straight in. Aardvark oilseed rape drilled on the 20th of August, which is farm saved following euric acid testing. Drilled using the Horizon with only the front set of cultures to give 40cm rows which has been drilled with a companion crop of buckwheat, berseem and crimson clover.

  • Pasture and Profit in Protected Landscapes Programme

    Pasture and Profit in Protected Landscapes is a free, farmer-led programme of farm walks, events and webinars open to everyone farming in the Protected Landscapes of Surrey Hills, High Weald and Kent Downs. The programme is being run by Pasture for Life in partnership with the Protected Landscapes. We believe that farmers learn best from other farmers, so over the next 15 months farmers in Surrey, Sussex and Kent are opening up their farms to share how their low input approach to grazing sheep and cattle has helped protect their farm business from the crippling increases in fertiliser, feed and fuel costs, and mitigate the effects of the drought.

    From mob grazing to conservation grazing, they demonstrate a range of approaches for managing their land and the challenges and the opportunities of farming in this way. The benefits include:

    • Financial gain
    • Improved pasture
    • Increased biodiversity
    • Improved soil health and landscape management
    • Reduced (or removed) workload associated with indoor housing
    • Reduced worm burden on stock

    By joining the programme, you are NOT expected to become Pasture for Life Certified or transition to a 100% pasture-fed or 100% mobile grazing system. The programme is designed to meet your needs and support you, whatever your current system or goals.

    Free Pasture for Life membership 

    When you register for the programme, if you are not already a PfL member, you will automatically receive free PfL membership until March 2024 which normally costs £100 a year. This will enable you to additionally benefit from being part of our engaged and supportive community, as well as the work we do across areas such as the supply chain, marketing and academic research, and access to our forum, which is full of advice and support from other farmers who will often be facing the same challenges as you. You do not have to provide any financial details when signing up, and you can choose whether to continue with PfL membership at the end of the programme.

    Mentoring

    By registering for the Pasture and Profit in Protected Landscapes Programme, you can also apply to be mentored for up to a year by a farmer with experience of rotational grazing.

    We have trained 12 Pasture for Life farmers as mentors across Surrey, Sussex and Kent who have a range of approaches to grazing with sheep and cattle. For instance, some house their cattle over the winter while some leave their cattle out year-round. What they have in common is that they are all 100% pasture-fed with no grain or feed inputs, and all have adopted some form of rotational grazing. Without exception, they find that the way they now farm is more profitable than the system they inherited, that it has increased biodiversity and improved the health of their stock and pasture, and has made their farm business more resilient in times of extreme weather and spiralling costs. The experience has been transformative for them, and they are keen to share their learning with other farmers whether they are just curious to see other approaches or are wanting to change how they farm.

    Signing up 

    For more information or to register for the programme, please email Sarah at Sarah@pastureforlife.org and she will email you a simple registration form, or call Deborah on 07543286709. Please note you must be farming in the Protected Landscapes of the Surrey Hills, High Weald or Kent to qualify.

    Pasture and Profit in Protected Landscapes is funded by the Farming in Protected Landscapes Fund (FiPL) and supported by the Surrey Hills, High Weald and Kent Downs Protected Landscape Partnerships.

    Meet a Mentor behind Pasture & Profit

    Andrew Lingham, Court Farm Butchery, Rochester, Kent

    Andrew runs a 320-hectare mixed farm, with 220 hectares of arable crops – including cereals, various beans, linseeds, millet and heritage wheat varieties – alongside his Pasture for Life Certified 30-40 strong herd of native breed store cattle and around 150 Romney store lambs.

    For Andrew, this mixed, integrated system is key to his success. His animals offer a valuable additional revenue stream through his butcher’s shop, but perhaps more importantly, they play a crucial role in building soil organic matter and recycling nutrients. He has very little permanent pasture, and for the most part grazes his animals on cover crops, using a 60/40 rule. In his words, “you don’t let the animals graze down to the floorboards. Let them take 60%, and trample the remaining 40% back into the ground.” This approach, he says, is “far superior” compared to just using cover crops alone, and means the animals are “feeding themselves, feeding the soil, maintaining soil structure and increasing organic matter.” How long he leaves his animals on a crop depends on the conditions – in dry weather they will graze an area for around 3 days, but in wetter conditions it can be as little as 1-2 days to protect the ground from trampling.

    “We actually see our animals gain more weight over winter by grazing on our cover crops than we do in the summer off the permanent pasture”, he remarks, demonstrating just how drastically different farming can look compared to conventional systems based on feeding costly inputs to grazing animals over winter. “This is a pretty low-cost system, and by low cost I don’t mean low output, it is truly working with nature. I know it’s an old cliche that’s fairly overused, but the further you get into this the more you can see that natural processes actually work if you don’t interfere with them too much.”

    Andrew has always been drawn to doing things differently and questioning the status quo – for example, he started treating his animals homoeopathically in the mid-90s. He now thinks he can bring that questioning mindset to his role as a mentor, for those who are also open-minded to new approaches and wanting to make some changes. “I don’t have all the answers, but I’m happy to be a sounding board and guide people through the approach. And I don’t like lecturing people, but if you’re interested and want to learn, I’ve learnt a hell of a lot and I want to pass this on.”

    His approach is certainly working. “My veterinary bills are pretty much zero, and it’s been years since I used antibiotics. Our worming treatment is pretty much just rotational grazing, and the use of some diatomaceous earth and seaweed kelp,” he says, when asked about other ways this approach has benefited his farm. Andrew has particular interest in building both the gut microbiomes of his animals and microbiome of his soil, and speaks to the interconnectedness of the two. One way he does this is by brewing his own microbial treatment, full of beneficial bacteria and fungi for his animals, which is put in their water. This keeps their gut microbiomes healthy and stable, and further inoculates the soil through their waste; another example of his holistic approach having multiple benefits across the farm.

    Andrew talks with enthusiasm about how for him, every day is a learning day, grappling with new questions and challenges and thinking through how to approach them. This often sees him tapping into a global network of farmers who are also turning to nature-led, low-input systems. ‘It’s so easy for the current generation to learn if they’re interested. There is so much information available online. In mentoring I see myself as a bit of a guide towards people and resources who have been mentors for me, people across the world who you can tap into and who do actually respond. When they come back and answer some pertinent questions you have, you really feel that you are part of a global movement.”

    If you’re interested in being mentored by someone like Andrew, please email Sarah at Sarah@pastureforlife.org and she will email you a simple form, or call Deborah on 07543286709 to register for the programme, and state your interest in getting a mentor. Please note you must be farming in the Protected Landscapes of the Surrey Hills, High Weald or Kent to qualify.

  • Farmer Focus – John Pawsey

    I can’t be certain when you will be reading this contribution to the UK’s formative regenerative publication, but what I do know is that most of you will be about to, or will just have, sat around the Christmas table with your family.

    It can be tricky territory. Especially if you are all working together in a family farm situation where life expectations have never been discussed and/or familiarity has bred contempt. It does happen.

    I’m not a fan of mirrors because whenever I pass one, a weird old bald man stares back at me. At fifty eight years old and with three young adults between the ages of nineteen and twenty four, I am reconciled to the fact that some kind of succession will have to be discussed as it’s becoming increasingly obvious that the weird old bald man in the mirror is me. Knowing my lot, after a few late festive nights, lashings of wine from the West of France and endless cold turkey sandwiches, my offspring’s future involvement in the family business will be discussed. I need to be prepared.

    Unfortunately the days are gone when the reins of any business can be passed onto one’s children just because they have sprung from your loins, or more accurately in my own situation, from Alice’s loins, (I played a small part a few months earlier in the pregnancy, apparently) as we need the best people for the job. But what are the opportunities if your successors don’t necessarily fit the traditional farming bill?

    For many of us, having diversified our businesses over the last twenty years, it’s not just about farming, which is a bit of a relief as my one of my daughters whilst hermetically sealed inside a luxury tractor cab, blasted with banging tunes, is quite capable of entering a field with an implement that she has assumed has been liberally greased and adorned with fresh wearing parts by the previous occupant. On exiting the field she has been known to turn around for the first time to discover that she has three punctured tyres and the right hand wing of said implement is imbedded in the field’s sole telegraph pole, or as we call them in the barren wastelands of East Anglia, a Suffolk tree.


    When I joined our family company in the mid eighties when all we did was farm, persuading a son or daughter to join a family farming business was considered to be a form of child abuse, but possessing no qualifications due to being terribly naughty at school, I was grateful for any opportunity laid at my door. Also, there was a certain agricultural establishment in Gloucestershire that laughed in the face of scholastic achievements as long as your cheque didn’t bounce. No longer the case these days I’m afraid.

    The modern rural business is now able to offer a multitude of opportunities which weren’t available to me in my early twenties, and anticipating a Christmas questioning, I have been considering how to engage my young adults and their various aptitudes, and have drawn up a list of new job titles to tempt them.

    The roles are as follows.

    An Enlightened Agronomist: a few do exist but the majority of agronomic advisors are still happy to reach for the plastic bottle to cover their backs just in case. We have knocked the confidence out of our farmers with the complexity of chemically based agriculture making us feel unqualified to make even the most basic decisions. It’s like raising the bonnet of a car and on seeing an expanse of plastic you close the lid, leaving the job to someone else because you can’t see any recognisable components. You assume that it no longer contains the internal combustion engine that you have worked on for years. Enlightened agronomists can see though the plastic.

    Trial Designer and Data Analyser: we are constantly trialling various agronomic scenarios but often don’t complete the work with any rigour to get meaningful answers, or we just do it for a year and think that the results are good enough. We have been collecting data in terms of yield, crop quality, work rates, soil health and biodiversity but we haven’t layered that information to really understand where the real opportunities are for efficient profitable food production with room for nature. It’s not a full time job but when combined with the enlightened agronomist role, it could be.

    Administrator, Book Keeper and Inbox Curator: to free us up to do all the creative things (see above). We need to get out of the office. Although mobile devices have allowed us to de-shackle ourselves from the swivel chair, my life is still plagued by administration. I remember being lectured by someone from our levy body about not being as productive as other European farmers. It’s because I’m spending too much time dealing with nonsense when I should be making better decisions for my business. The only inbox I had when I arrived on the farm was a physical paper one but now I have that and an ever expanding array of digital ones too. No, I don’t want to join your f***ing WhatsApp group!

    Contract Farming Massager: although I like to feel that we give our undivided attention to our farmers we contract for, there is always more love to impart. Where agents are involved, our farmers get lots of juicy figures but we need to spend more time keeping them up to date with all the things that we are inventing and trialling on our own farm so they know that we are future proofing their businesses as well as our own. We have also missed opportunities to take on new contract farming arrangements mainly due to the lack of time to pursue them. It has to change.


    Crop Polisher and Value Adder: part of the reason for converting to organic farming was to go more niche and make the market rather than take it. But we need to go nicher (is that a word?). The easy wins are to take back some of the processing and added value we give away. De-hulling our spelt, cleaning our home saved seed and mixing seed blends on the farm. Separating our own bi-crops and other multi-species crops. Putting in a bagging unit to direct sell some of our exotics. You are probably all doing it already.

    A Roboticist: a role that gets me thinking of the term motorist. Motorists were invented over a hundred years ago and were “a thing” because you couldn’t just jump in a car and roar off. You had to check a multitude of lubricants, learn copious amounts of hand signals and something called double-de-clutching. Nowadays we just drive a car, possibly own more than one and never check the oil. In a hundred years time I suspect that we will just instruct robots, possibly more than one and never check their (vegetable) oil. In the meantime, we need the skills of a roboticist.

    And then there are all the jobs that we hand over to the man (it usually is) in the coloured corduroys: an Environmental Designer, a Net Zero Minder, a Carbon Creditor and a Green Washer. All new roles and crucial to capitalise on the opportunities that will be available to us in the coming years. Some expert help will be needed but we should be able to do a lot of the work ourselves. Biodiversity net gain needs to be our net gain and not somebody else’s.

    There is an opportunity for a Website Wizard, Social Media Schmoozer and a Brand Manager. Our website is horribly old and clunky and needs immediate attention. You maybe aware that I love a bit of social media, and although @Hanslope on Twitter gets my full attention, @ShimplingPark does not. And then there is all the other platforms that we are blissfully ignoring like TicTac and SnipChit to name but two. Everyone needs a brand manager, don’t they? The above is not a full time role, but an important one if we are to fully engage with our customers.



    Although most of our redundant farm buildings have been re-purposed as offices, commercial lets and dwellings, there is always room for improving our offering and so two new roles could be created as a Property Tickler and an Asset Sweater.

    The list goes on, and I suspect that reading this you have come up with several more positions of your own. Please do email me your inspired wisdom to john@shimplingparkfarms.com as soon as you can and they will be presented to my progeny.

    You may be asking yourself at this point what any of this has to do with direct drilling? Absolutely nothing. But succession is something that we all have to grasp and if you are not doing so, then please make a New Year’s resolution to do so. For the sake of you and your family.

    Wishing you an extremely Merry Christmas, the best New Year and an amazing Harvest 2023