Written By Sarah Hill and originally published by No-Till Farmer in the USA

The combination of a 3-way crop rotation, covers and grazing is resulting in big savings by reducing the number of tillage passes, increasing yields and improving soil health.

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Pictured Above: SHORT GROWING SEASON. No-tiller Kurt Stiefvater has a very short fall season to get cover crops planted, and the weather plays heavily into his selection of which cover crop species for a mix.

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In farming, it’s the little things that will get you — or add up to more profits if they’re done right.

Salem, South Dakota, farmer Kurt Stiefvater, knows something about that. He started no-tilling 20 years ago to save soil moisture and save more money by reducing the number of tillage passes.

He added small grains and cover crops to the 1,800-acre operation 8 years ago, and those decisions have improved Kurt’s yields, soil health and the condition of his cattle herd.

No Hard Formula. 

Kurt has a very short fall season to get cover crops planted, and the weather plays heavily into his selection of which cover crop species for a mix. If a field has more alkali spots, he’ll add barley. He tends to be careful with brassicas and doesn’t use buckwheat much as he doesn’t feel it’s very easy to control.

His 8-10 species cover crop mix typically includes 10 pounds of oats; 12 pounds of winter wheat; 2 pounds of sorghum; 15 pounds of soybeans; 1 pound of red clover; 2 pounds of sunflowers; ½ pound of flax; ½ pound of turnip; and ½ pound of radish. He might also throw in rye, legumes, millet or common vetch. 

In addition to the weather, Kurt looks at the different characteristics of each cover crop species when choosing which ones to use in his mixes, as well as what his 130 pairs of Black and Red Angus cattle will graze. He uses an oil variety of sunflowers because even though the seeds aren’t viable, the cows love to eat them.

“That’s why I tend to use more small grains and sorghum in my cover crop mixes,” he says.

MILLION SEEDS PER ACRE. Oats are part of Kurt Stiefvater’s 3-way rotation, planted around April 1. He plants 80-85 pounds per acre of oats with a goal of seeding 1 million seeds per acre.

Most of his cover crops either winterkill or are grazed, but for any cereal rye or winter wheat that survive, he uses a pre-emergence herbicide application to terminate them.

“We’ve had more problems with winter annuals, dandelion, etc.,” he says. “I add a little 2,4-D to knock it back.”

He adds that using cover crops has allowed him to cut his rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) by about 20% each. Kurt only uses 0.8 pounds of N per bushel of yield goal now, compared to the 1.2 pounds per bushel of yield goal that he used to use, without yield loss. He has added some sulphur and boron to his fertilizer plan, too.

Waiting Game. He uses a 3-way rotation of corn, soybeans and oats, but he has to wait sometimes for the right conditions to plant, compared to his neighbours.

Oats are planted around April 1. Corn planting starts around April 20-25 with beans following that. 

Kurt plants 80-85 pounds per acre of oats with a goal of seeding 1 million seeds per acre. He plants with a Case IH SDX with a 2330 air cart at 7½-inch spacing.

He seeds 32,000 seeds per acre of corn using a Case IH 1245 drill with Yetter SharkTooth row cleaners out in front to clear away extra residue. A Case IH MX 255 pulls the planter and the drill. 

“We’ve used untreated corn before with no problems,” says Kurt. “It’s hard to order corn seed without a seed treatment, so then we’re stuck with that variety. We tried planting some corn with the air drill and had fair success with it. We’re trying to figure that out because it needs to be more accurate.”

Soybeans are seeded at 120,000 seeds per acre. He’s transitioning to using an air drill for planting all crops.

“We were using 38-inch rows in the late ‘90s,” he says. “We bought a planter with a splitter attachment so we could go down to 19-inch rows of corn.”

The narrower rows on the 100% no-tilled ground created a canopy quicker in the corn, blocking weeds and saving moisture because the sun wasn’t beating on the soil.

“As we upgraded equipment, we stuck with 22-inch rows,” Kurt explains. 

Kurt says he applies a 6-24-6 fertilizer starter and broadcasts a light rate of P, K and N as a dry fertilizer before planting. 

“I apply half of the N before planting, then come back at the end of June and sidedress with 28% urea using drop nozzles on my AGCO 854 Rogator sprayer,” he says. “Dry fertilizer is put on soybeans, but it’s spread out over 2 years.”

Kurt applies enough P and K to the corn that the soybeans have some for the following year. He applies 25 pounds of N, 35 pounds of P and 45 pounds of K to soybeans; 70 pounds of N, 45 pounds of P and 45 pounds of K to oats; and 0.8 pounds of N for corn. Soybeans are inoculated with a bacterium. 

When his corn and bean yields plateaued, Kurt says he had to figure out a way to make more P and K available in the soil.

“We achieved that goal by working more nutrients in the rotation and adding more crops, like oats, to our rotation,” he says. 

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“Adding winter wheat to the rotation was an experiment…” – Kurt Stiefvater

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Oats are harvested the first week of August, and covers are planted after that. 

“We yield 100-130 bushels per acre with oats, which is 10-15 bushels better than the historical average in our area,” he says. “If it really grows well, and we have a good year, I can sell part of the oat straw for extra income.”

Corn and soybeans are usually harvested mid-October through November using a Case IH 7120 combine. Kurt has a Case IH draper head for soybean harvest and a Capello corn head for corn harvest. Corn yields have been in the 190 bushels per acre range, and Kurt goal is 200 bushels per acre (13.5 tons per hectare). On average, soybean yields have been 50-55 bushels per acre (Approx 3.4 tons per hectare).

Kurt says he experimented with planting flax and oats with a Case IH planter, switching the discs on it for more uniform planting depth.

“We planted 22-inch rows, coming back and offsetting 11 inches for the oats,” he says. “We got good emergence, and we used a lot less seed and had more accurate planting.

“Adding winter wheat to the rotation was an experiment,” Kurt says. “It was food grade wheat, hardy enough to meet the necessary specifications for the food market.”

More Days, More Grass. 

Kurt says he wants covers in his program that will provide enough growth to be used for winter feed for his cattle in their rotational grazing program.

Kurt manages 600 acres of pasture, renting three-quarters of that acreage from family members and neighbours. He has 9 paddocks where cow/calf pairs graze and utilizes conservation stewardship programs through NRCS. 

He has pasture taps or water lines centred in each pasture that makes a pie shape away from the tank for a water source. He uses electric fence to divide up the pasture into equal acres and rotates the cattle so they still have access to water.

Since switching calving from March/April to mid-May and June, he says that mother cows are milking better on the larger amounts of grass available. 

“The cows also get more water in their diet, compared to eating dry hay,” Kurt says. “That’s helped with calving problems.”

Calves are healthier at birth because cows aren’t experiencing their last trimester during the coldest part of winter. And since they’re not fighting the weather, the cows don’t need such a high requirement diet for a stressful season. He keeps pairs in groups of 10-20, and they’re out on pasture until the grass gets short. In November, he moves them to a cover crop field.

The cattle have seemed to really like the diversity of the cover crops, according to Kurt.

“They eat more, and it’s easier on the cows,” he says. “Calves get a variety to eat, and I can tell they’re gaining. The cows have better body condition scores. I keep salt and mineral in front of cattle year-round so they get a better balance of nutrition. When the cattle are grazing cover crops, they hardly use any of it.”

Calves are weaned the first week of December and sold the first week of March.

Kurt notes that the fall was dry in 2020, so the covers didn’t grow much. But most years, grazing cover crops cuts his hay usage by 40%.

Tracking Soil Organic Matter. The farm’s soil organic matter was going down before they switched to no-till, Kurt says. He began doing soil testing every 3 years after soybean harvest to track organic matter levels.

“When we first started no-tilling, we were getting a 2-2.5%,” he says. “We’ve seen some fields increase to above 4%.”

COWS’ PREFERENCE. Because Kurt Stiefvater grazes his covers, he includes more small grains and sorghum in cover crop mixes. He uses an oil variety of sunflowers because even though the seeds aren’t viable, the cows love to eat them.

Kurt has a wide variety of soils, from gravel to heavier loam to sand and even higher clay content. Their soil has 6-10 inches of black soil and then turns to clay, so water tends to be held toward the surface.

To boost soil health, Kurt likes to incorporate legumes and sunflowers in his cover crop mixes for their taproots that burrow down into the soil.

“I try to have lots of living roots to keep the soil active as long as I can, even after a freeze,” he says. 

The cover crops provide protection to the soil throughout the winter, resulting in less blowing soil and erosion from the wind and water. An extra benefit for Kurt is the wildlife like deer, pheasant and partridge flock to the covers as a food source.

“We’re still in transition phase,” he says. “We keep learning more about how different plants interact with the soil and how to manage that. We’re trying to maximize the soil and keep a living root as many days out of the year that we can and incorporating livestock. I really like the soil biology component that cattle traffic stimulation does to the soil, the way the cattle cycle nutrients and spread them across the field.”

Kurt says that the soil biology helps his cash crops take off once the plants get rooted.

“I really like having mycorrhizae in the soil, since they help plants capture the nutrients and water in the soil,” he says. “The soil biology needs oxygen, too.”

Kurt has seen improvements in the water-holding capacity of his soil. He gives the example of a dry spell in 2020.

“Having that protection with residue and more earthworms and other insects digging around in the soil really helped,” he says. “I like to get out and sidedress fertiliser or spray right after a rain, but I don’t have to worry about getting stuck. The soil can hold the equipment better on wetter soil.”

The improvements he’s seen to his soils go beyond the top layer. Kurt says he’s dug soil pits and used a shovel to evaluate his soil and he’s been impressed with the results, as roots are expanding better and there are more places for the roots to grow through earthworm holes.

The South Dakota Soybean Association conducted nematode tests on his property and found that they were way down. Kurt seeks to keep improving his soil by increasing organic matter and cutting down on erosion, while not using any insecticides or fungicides.

“When things are all in balance, you shouldn’t have any rootworms or an imbalance of nematodes to treat,” he says. “We don’t use insecticide or fungicide because they might disrupt what’s going on in the soil. Insecticides and fungicides don’t just kill the bad stuff — they kill the good bugs, too.”

Savings That Add Up.

Kurt says he’s looking for ways to change things up to save money and time. One example of that is selling seed oats, which he says are relatively cheap. He has saved $100-110 per cow per year on extra feed costs.

“If we get hailed out or if it’s too dry and we can’t harvest the oats for grain, we can use them as a winter back up feed source for the cattle to graze or even harvest it by putting it in big round bales,” he says. “It’s a versatile crop. Barley is the same.”

Switching to no-till has already saved Kurt a bundle. He says that cutting just one tillage pass has saved $15-20 per acre.